How Does The Amount Of These Muscle Enzymes And Muscle Fiber Composition Of Track And Field Athletes?

Muscular hypertrophy occurs through anaerobic training and also causes an increase in lactate tolerance since the lactate produced is less concentrated enabling athletes to tolerate increased amounts. The greater extent of muscular hypertrophy and therefore lactate tolerance in males compared to females is evident in the greater number of attacking efforts performed by them whilst on field. During the 20 minutes of the game spent on field, males performed 88.5 attacking skills (approximately 4.43 maximal efforts per minute), while females performed 76.4 attacking skills (3.82 per minute) (Appendix 2). Due to insufficient recovery of CP, the anaerobic glycolysis system would have been dominant for these efforts. Males can tolerate more lactate hence perform more efforts. Furthermore, males had a higher average of 15.40 seconds in the speed endurance test compared to 17.19 seconds for females, indicating that males have greater lactate tolerance due to developed anaerobic adaptations including muscular hypertrophy (Appendix 1). As men have a greater lactate tolerance, they can work at higher anaerobic intensities for longer durations, therefore perform more maximal efforts such as repetitively

As the trials progressed, the strength of the muscles decreased as well because of the experienced muscle fatigue due to the lactate threshold. In

The initial burst of speed and subsequent 5 seconds in the 100m sprint, is fuelled by the Phosphagen ATP- PC system as there is 4-5 times more Phosphocreatine (PCr) readily available in the skeletal muscles compared to that of ATP (1). The initial ATP stored is used within 2 seconds of maximal activity by the Myosin ATPase enzyme to cleave energy, leaving Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

This group will start the testing by attaining the medical records of the player to see if he is physically and physiologically capable to perform such strenuous activities. After that information is attained we will start by testing the player’s endurance with a two mile run and monitor the times, heart rate, Vo2 max, and try to evaluate the lactic threshold. Thereafter in the following days, we will attain the midfielder’s 1RM in all multiple joint lifts giving us a baseline for our percentages.

In this assignment I will be introducing a formal report that is based on an investigation into how the body responds to exercise and which analyses the results from the investigation. The investigation involves myself and other pupils in my class. I will be doing the Harvard step test. the other pupils in my class will be monitoring my heart rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after the test.

Abstract: In this experiment the measurements of skeletal muscle fibers of the rabbit are in millimeters. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution A which contained only 0.25% ATP in distilled water was 20 mm. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution C which contained 0.5M KCl and 0.001M MgCl2 in distilled water was 1.77 mm and the average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution B which contained 0.25 % ATP and 0.5 M KCl with 0.001 M Mgcl2 in water was 1.77 mm.

Each type of muscle fiber has a different power output. These fibers are fast-twitch, and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Fast-twitch fibers are used for explosive movements that are sustained for a short amount of time. While slow-twitch fibers are used for periods of time when movement is sustained for a long period. Slow-twitch fibers utilize aerobic beta-oxidation for energy. This means this type of muscle fiber uses fatty acids for energy and requires oxygen to break them down. This breakdown takes place within the mitochondria. Fast-twitch fibers get energy from anaerobic glycolysis. Meaning this fiber utilizes the breakdown of glucose without oxygen. Humans are born with these fibers in different proportions than others. Genetics determines the amount of each fiber a person will have, and these pre-genetically determined number of fibers will remain constant throughout a person’s life. Due to the different capabilities of each fiber, the amount of slow and fast-twitch fibers can determine the person’s capability. Therefore, those who have more fast-twitch fibers will jump higher than those with more slow-twitch fibers of the same stature. (BSC 228,

In this lab, the focus was to study muscular fitness. In muscular fitness, there are two main components of measurements that are being taken, which are muscular strength and muscular endurance. Muscular strength is an individual’s ability to exert their maximum force. To test muscular strength, there are multiple tests such as 1 RM , Static Handgrip Strength, and Back Strength Dynamometer test. Muscular endurance is an individual’s ability to sustain prolonged muscular contractions. Tests that reveal results about an individual’s muscular endurance would be tests such as YMCA Submaximal Bench Press, Push-Up, and Plank test. It is important to remember that there is no single test for endurance and strength that will tell an

The body has many amazing systems within it. The muscular system is on of the systems that is the most intriguing. Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIb comprise the muscular fiber types within the human body. Type I or Slow-twitch fibers contain mitochondria. These mitochondria use the oxygen that is taken in to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP fuels muscle contraction. Type I fiber is considered to be aerobic due to the use of oxygen. The slow-twitch muscle fibers are also known as red fibers. This alias is due to the dark red appearance cause by the amount of myoglobin within the fiber. Slow-twitch fibers are the first within the body to be activated due to having a lower activation threshold. They create their own energy source which allows these fibers to sustain force for a longer period of time. The negative aspect is they are unable to create a large amount of force. If the fibers are unable to generate the amount of force that is needed then the fast-twitch fibers will be activated.

It comprises a mixture of fibre types and extent of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Type I fibre have excellent skills of high oxidation of using lipid the fuel during moderate exercise and rest, and a variety of bit slow. Type IIb is the almost exclusive reliance on fuel and sugar, glucose and glycogen, fast-twitch fibres. Type IIa fibres holds intermediate level of oxidative capacity, which usually overlaps with type I fibre. Endurance exercise will be more talk about the skeletal muscle supply oxygen and carbohydrates, but leads to cardiovascular and respiratory changes that do not contribute to muscle mass. On the other hand, Type II B fibers produce an increase in the size and strength, which is for the exercises, that requires great

Muscular endurance is very important for people playing sports and who have to sustain an activity for long periods of time. Muscular endurance is determined by how well your slow twitch muscle fibers are developed. In case your wondering what slow twitch muscle fibers are, I will explain. There are generally two types of muscle fibers in your body, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibers cannot exert as much force as fast twitch, but can sustain an effort over a much greater period of time. Fast twitch muscle fibers can exert a great amount of force but for a very limited amount of time. Therefore, slow twitch equals endurance, while fast twitch equals strength.

Measurement of aerobic/anaerobic capacity allows evaluation of individual’s metabolic abilities, indicates state of fitness and effectiveness of training programs.

Carry out an experiment to measure the heart rate and ventilation rate before, during and after moderate exercise.

The test we performed was the Cooper 1.5 mile run/walk test. To perform this test, we recorded the height and weight of our subject. Each subject performed a 5-10 minute dynamic warm-up, while we explained the objective of the test. The goal was for each participant to run or walk 1.5 miles (6 laps) as fast as possible. Next, we had all the participants line up at the starting line. Each participant was assigned a partner who would count their laps and record their time on a stopwatch. As soon as the subject began the test, their partner started the time. The time ran until the subject reached 1.5 miles. Once the subject was done, they performed a cool down run to prevent injury and cramping. To calculate the predicted VO2max, the following