Unit 5
Jaraks, like other mammals, have closed circulatory systems. This large homeothermic animal require a more-efficient system that separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood. Because of their need to satisfy their high metabolic costs, Jaraks have large four-chambered hearts that are paired with pulmonary and systemic circuits. It is important to note that they have large hearts in comparison to other felines like cheetahs and jaguar, and that this is due to the fact that jaraks are very large in size. Going back to the circuits and the anatomy of the heart, both work to completely separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood and move blood in a single direction. Blood flows through the heart from veins into the atria
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The signal spreads to the atrioventricular node. Signals carried from the atrioventricular node cause the ventricles to contract simultaneously. One cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, includes atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and relaxation, and a short pause. A normal at rest jarak has a heart rate of 120-150 heartbeats per minute. This heart rate spikes to 180-200 beats per minute when the animal ambushes its prey or chasing down its prey. If you remember from the previous post, jaraks do not just rely on their strength to capture prey. If they must they will use their speed to hunt down escaping prey.
Hematocrit is the proportion of total blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Hematocrit levels vary depending on what altitude the jarak is accustom to. Some rainforest can be as low 900 meters above sea level, or they can be as high as 1,500 meters above sea level. Jaraks in lower altitudes have a hematocrit of 49% in males and 46% in female. These levels increase with altitude due to the lesser amount of oxygen in the air. For every 100 meters the jarak rises in altitude their hematocrit levels increase by 1%. A male jarak at 1,500 meters has a hematocrit level of 55%, and a female jarak has a hematocrit level of 52%.
The red blood cells of jaraks are like other mammalian red blood cells. Jarak erythrocytes are circular biconcave-shaped
To name the two major components of blood and state their average percentages in whole blood.
In a normal human being the heart correctly functions by the blood first entering through the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. This blood flow continues through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts forcing the pulmonary valve to open leading blood flow through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Blood is then distributed from the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is loaded into the blood. The blood is returned from the lungs to the left
Exercise 11: Blood Analysis: Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 75% by answering 3 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Hematocrit Your answer : a. refers to the percentage of white blood cells (WBCs) in a sample of whole blood. Correct answer: b. of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs. 2. A buffy coat layer You correctly answered: d. is all of the above. 3. The diagnosis of anemia indicates You correctly answered: a. a lower-than-normal hematocrit. 4. Polycythemia refers to You correctly answered: c. a significant increase in RBCs.
In this paper I will answer some questions about blood and related issues. Some of the questions I will answer are: what is the significance of a lower than normal haematocrit? what is erythropoiesis?why would the level of leukocytes be higher in an individual who has been infected with a parasitic disease. In regions where malaria is endemic, some people build up immune resistance to the malaria pathogen. Which WBCs are responsible for the immune response against pathogens? How do they function?
The general charactertics of blood are color, composition, and pH. The composition of blood is determined by collecting blood from a person then it’s placed in a centrifuge which shows plasma is 55% of whole blood and 45 % is erythrocytes. Another name for red blood cells is erythrocytes which are small sacs of blood that carry oxygen and
In the normal conduction of the heart the electrical impulse starts in the SA node, also called the pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulse travels through the right atrium and through the Bachmann’s bundle into the left atrium. This stimulates the atria to contract. Next the signal travel to the AV node. The AV node slightly delays the signal. This delay is needed for the heart to beat properly. Without this delay the atria and ventricles would beat at the same time. The electrical signal then travels to the Bundle of His where it is split into the signals going to the right and left ventricle. The signal
Blood then travels out toward the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary artery and returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins entering the left atrium. It is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle to exit the aortic valve to the circulation via the aorta. The questions asked in the lab packet directly related to the anatomy and physiology of the heart which allowed to understand how the heart works as a
This is the term that describes a red blood cell that is of normal size. They usually also have hemoglobin content (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Normocytic)
Transportation has many roles in the cardiovascular system. First, our blood carries oxygen from our lungs to all of our tissues. While taking oxygen to our tissues, it also picks up carbon dioxide from them and takes it to our lungs to be removed from our body. Second, it delivers nutrients from our digestive tract to all of our body’s tissues. Third, it takes waste to our kidney’s to be removed from our body. Fourth, it
The red blood cells have an unusual structure compared to other cells in the human body, as it lacks a nucleus, mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum (###). However, the enzyme component in the red blood cells allow it to produce small amount of energy (ATP from glucose). The mature red cell contains about 34 percent haemoglobin (a complex iron bearing pigment that transports oxygen). It gives a red colour to the cell, with a combination of heme and globin (###). Haemoglobin is the functional component of the cell, contained in the interior of the cell, and the outer surface of the cell is surrounded by a cell membrane. It has a pale, greenish yellowish appearance when unstained, and reversibly combined with oxygen and, to a lesser extent with carbon dioxide (###). The average concentration of haemoglobin is 14 g/100 ml blood in women and 16 g/100 ml in men (###). The production of the erythrocytes, occur primarily in the red marrow of the spongy bones. The vast surface area is important in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue because of quick exchange of oxygen in both sites that occurs across the red cell surface (@@@). An adult female has approximately 4.8 million/cu mm red cells, and adult male has approximately 5.5 million/cu mm red cells. An erythrocyte can stay between 80 to 120 days in
Resting heart contractions were recorded for thirty seconds until the heart rate was less than 60 beats per minute. A stimulator electrode to be used was set to the following states: Amplitude of 4.00 Volts, a stimulus delay of 50ms, stimulus duration of 10ms, a frequency of 1.0Hz, and a pulse number of 30. The electrode was then placed in direct contact with the heart for 30 seconds at which time the data was observed and recorded.
Fish have a two-chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle. Oxygen diffusion occurs in the gills. Amphibians have a three chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. Reptiles have a four chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles. However, there is mixing of blood because the ventricle separation is incomplete. Birds and mammals both have a four chambered heart. All of these hearts contain valves and the rest of the body receives blood through arteries (which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart) and veins (which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart) and capillaries (where the two meet). The cardiac cycle is the period during which the heart fills with blood and pumps it out. During one cycle, it receives deoxygenated
An understanding of the circulation of blood through the heart might help the reader to get an better understanding of how the different parts of the heart relate. It helps to think of all the blood vessels in the body as a huge, sophisticated railway network, where essentially all the blood in the veins throughout the body ends up in the vena cava, the railway end station. The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper part of the body, whereas the inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower part of the body. As the blood fills up in the RA, the increased pressure eventually makes the tricuspid valve shut open, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the RV. As the deoxygenated blood flows into the RV, the pressure in front of the
Haemoglobin Estimation: To determine the amount of haemoglobin concentration in the patient’s blood, an anticoagulated blood sample from the patient and a healthy control, were lysed by converting haemoglobin into cyanmethaemoglobin. Potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide are used for this conversion to occur, and the absorbance of this colouring was measured at 540nm using a spectrophotometer. The results were recorded for the patient and the control, with the haemoglobin concentration seen below.
oxygenated blood is transported away from the heart and throughout the body. Then it carries the deoxygenated blood back to