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IP Networking: Midterm Study Guide

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Subnetting—
Determine the classes – Classful vs Classless
Class A: The first bit in the first octet must remain a 0. The remaining seven bits can be a 1, giving a maximum total of 127. The first octet, however, cannot be 0 (local identification, or “this network”) or 127 (loopback). Class A first octet range is 0 through 127, although the valid range is 1 through 126.
Class B: The first bit in the first octet becomes a 1. The second bit, however, must remain a 0. The remaining six bits can be a 1, giving a maximum total of 191. Class B first octet range is 128 through 191.
Class C: The first and second bits in the first octet become 1s. The third bit must remain a 0. The remaining five bits can be a 1, giving a maximum total of 223. Class …show more content…

Bridges and switches increase collision domains.
What tool does Ethernet use to avoid collision?
Ethernet uses an algorithm known as the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection algorithm to avoid collision.

Routing—
Know the process the router uses to make routing decisions
Routers use the following general steps to make routing decisions:
For each received frame, use the data-link trailer frame check sequence (FCS) field to ensure that the frame has no errors; if errors occurred, discard the frame (and do not continue to the next step).
Check the frame’s destination data-link layer address, and process only if addressed to this router or to a broadcast/multicast address.
Discard the incoming frame’s old data-link header and trailer, leaving the IP packet.
Compare the packet’s destination IP address to the routing table, and find the route that matches the destination address. This route identifies the outgoing interfaces of the router, and possibly the next-hop router.
Determine the destination data-link address used for forwarding packets to the next router or destination host (as directed in the routing table).
Encapsulate the IP packet inside a new data-link header and trailer, appropriate for the outgoing interface, and forward the frame out that interface.
Use a routing table to determine a path
“Network numbers and subnet numbers represent a group of addresses that begin with the same prefix. In which of the groups in [the] routing

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