Impacts of Applications of Chemistry on Society and the Environment

Using soap is not needed, but if you prefer you can put a small amount of dawn in the water.

In the early days of alchemy, many scholars doubted the authenticity and credibility of alchemy as a scholarly field of study. They labeled it as “mystical” and challenged greatly the possibilities of alchemical transmutations and any practitioner’s credibility. However, alchemy was still practiced and discussed in all levels of society. Alchemy has been discovered in recent times to have been central to the development of early modern science and medicine. The practice of alchemy has made many contributions to the development of modern chemical medicines.

Alchemy (Early Chemistry) was another science closely related to medicine. Alchemy was the name given to this science in Latin Europe in the 12th century. It was a belief that the human body was closely related to the stars and the heavens. Over hundreds of years, the main goals of alchemists were to turn any metal into gold and discover an elixir which could cure all ills or lead to immortality. This magical elixir was called the philosopher’s stone. Alchemy was based on the belief that there are four basic elements – fire, earth, air and water – and three essentials – salt, sulfur and mercury. The metals gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, and tin were all known before the rise of alchemy. The liquid metal, mercury, and the burning rock, sulfur, were also known. Many processes with these elements were known to alchemists. The art of alchemy was heavily spiritual. Alchemists were the first to try out different ideas and experiment with different elements, but because of their intense metaphysical and spiritual beliefs, they didn’t develop modern day scientific methods.

As the peroxide breaks down, the soap that was mixed in will also combine with the water (from the breakdown process), and turn into foam. The oxygen gushing out is what makes the

Having a hard water with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at home could be an annoying thing for many people. When hard water is heated the minerals in it precipitate out including the Ca+ and Mg+2 ions, these mineral start to form a coat on shower doors, bath tops, soap scums which result of addition of soap to hard water and people will find difficulty cleans with soap since hard water lose some affections in dissolving soaps as soaps get mixing with ions and less soap will be dissolving. As a response of this hard water problems water softener came to the market. Water softener works by exchange the hard water ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ with slats such as Na+ and k+ this way the hard water ions will be reduced or eliminated leading to better water quality [2].

• Bellis, Mary. "The History of Soap and Detergent." About.com Inventors. About.com, 17 June 2015. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.

The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water. The fats and oils used in soap-making come from animal or plant sources. The four basic soaps used in this procedure were made using olive oil, vegetable oil, vegetable shortening, and lard. Each fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride molecule, three fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerin. There are many types of triglycerides; each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids. They are weak acids composed of two parts: A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen (O) atoms, and one carbon (C) atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon (C) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms. The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. It is called the hydrophilic end; this end of the fatty acid chain prefers water. The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and is the hydrophobic end. However, when soap is presented to hard water which is water containing minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and seldom minerals like iron. Soap produces what is known as soap scum, or residue from the

Bath bombs are composed of several ingredients that are molded into a shape. They begin to fizz and dissolve once they touch water. Bath bombs come in a large variety of different colors, scents, shapes, and sizes.

Essay twelve discusses a dark time for chemists. Suddenly, in the mid 1500’s chemists went from being priests and healers to witches and devils. Chemistry during this period is limited and men known as alchemists ran the show. These men used herbs metals and spices to create useful substances and herbal remedies. Helpful as they

In the article, they came up with the idea of gelling agents which is a chemical used to solidify any kind of spilled oil, making it easier to collect. Using the motion of the waves and sea, the gelling agent turns the oil into a rubbery material that can be easily removed from the water with nets, vacuuming, suction, devices or skimmers. This method helps clean the water without taking a lot of the water with it since when it solidifies you just pull out the chunks of oil instead of taking a lot water with it like if you were to try the hay or fleece

Bath Bombs have a lot of science behind them. There is a huge chemical reaction when the bath bomb is put into water. The two main ingredients that make a bath bomb fizz, is baking soda and citric acid. These chemicals are inert when they are dry powders, but in water

Throughout history chemistry has had a large impact on the field of medicine. Things such as

Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood

As shown in Table 3.0, it was difficult to stir and combine the shortening and the lard with the sodium hydroxide and glycerol. Though the oil-based soaps were easy to make, they did not yield as much compared to the fat-based soaps. Table 6.0 shows that Soap 3 which was shortening based and Soap 4 which was lard based produced 11.18 g and 11.22 g, respectively. This was a much greater yield than the oil based soaps. Soap 1 which used olive oil yielded 3.154 grams and soap 2 using vegetable oil yielded 1.319 grams. This was something to consider when choosing which starting material to use and depends on whether ease of synthesis or greater yield is more important. The detergent synthesis methods were very similar but method 2 took less steps and was a bit easier than method 1. Table 6.0 shows that detergent 2 had a greater yield, 5.143 grams whereas detergent 1 had a yield of about 4 grams. The lathering test showed that though soaps 3 and 4 produced the most product of the soaps, they did not create many bubbles or a good lather according to Table 7.0. The soaps/detergents that produced the most bubbles were soap 1 which used olive oil followed by detergent 1 and then soap 2

The purpose of this lab was to create soaps and detergents and test their cleaning ability. We created four different soaps and two detergents using different starting materials composed of oils and fats for the soaps and lauryl alcohol and sulfuric acid for the detergents. Soaps are created by a process called saponification, which is the formation of a salt by combing an acid and a base.1 Soap and detergent are effective cleaning agents because they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.1 The hydrophobic ends interact with the dirt and oil while the hydrophilic ends interact with the water molecules effectively washing the dirt and oil away.2 While soaps and detergents are very similar in their cleaning ability, they have a major difference being that soaps are made from natural products and detergents are made from synthetic materials.3 In order to make the soaps, we used four different starting materials including lard, shortening, olive oil, and vegetable oil.