Investigating The Antigens Of Blood Types

Type AB: The genotype is AB. The antigens on the blood cell are A and B. There are no A or B antibodies in the blood plasma.

The article is titled “Mixed Blood” by Jefferson M. Fisher. The article is about Jefferson who is an anthropology professor and who is interviewing his daughter and her Brazilian boyfriend how different places categorize race and ethnicity. He uses that as an example to demonstrate that there is no such thing as race it’s a way that we have categorized things. Like here in the United States we see the avocado as a vegetable in Brazil they see it as a fruit and eat avocados for dinner. The article also describes hypo-descent which basically organizes race with a hierarchy with whites at the top then Asians then blacks. Another thing Jefferson talks about is how IQ is not affiliated with race how we have defined it as some races having a higher

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

The goal of this experiment is to determine the blood types of the samples given and to learn what interactions occurred to each blood type. Determining an individual’s blood type and how it reacts with Anti A, Anti-B, and Anti Rh serums played a crucial part in this experiment. The researcher concluded that agglutination (clumping) occurred in some of the blood samples. For example, Mr. Smith’s blood reacted with Anti-A and Anti-Rh serums (antibodies) allowing the researcher to determine the blood type is A. Mr. Jones’s blood reacted with Anti-B serum but it did not react to Anti-A or Anti Rh allowing the researcher to believe that the blood type is B. Mr. Green’s blood reacted with all serums and caused a reaction to occur resulting the blood type to be AB positive. Mr. Green’s blood also had a positive marker for Rh factor. However, Ms. Brown’s blood had no reaction at all and the researcher determined if no reaction occurred then the sample had no antigens but proved to have some antibodies, resulting in blood type to be O. The purpose of this experiment is to determine whose blood has type A, B, AB, or O.

The purpose of this experiment is to identify the different blood types through the antigen and antibody reaction by using the anti- A, Anti- B and Anti- Rh serums we will be able to identify the different blood types. We will also discuss how this can be used in the clinical setting of this blood typing procedure, by doing so we will know how antigens and antibodies relate to the blood typing procedure in the real world settings.

To identify red blood cells, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, sickle cell anemia and leukemia.

Blood typing is a vital part of saving lives. People who have lost blood in any way will most likely need a blood transfusion. If the wrong type of blood is administered into their system, that person’s body will reject the new blood and the person will die. However, by knowing what antigens and antibodies are in a certain type of blood, the transfusion can be matched to the patient’s blood, which will lead to a safe, effective transfusion.Therefore, knowing what antigens and antibodies are in a person’s blood and what their blood type is can be a vital part of saving their life one day. For this reason, it is vital to know how antibodies affect blood typing.

The following chart shows the antigens produced by different blood types, and the distribution of these blood types in the general population.

In activity three, a total count for white blood cells was conducted using a sample slide with a blood smear. The slide was observed under microscope with the above data as the result. The normal percentages for each blood count are as follows (zukur):

There are eight different types of blood: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-. Blood types are based on the presence or absence of antigens (also called agglutinogens) which are the substances on the membrane of the red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens are either proteins or sugars, depending on the blood group system.

makeup of our blood is made up from red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. The red cells

Blood grouping involves the use of ABO system as described by Karl Landsteiner. The grouping came into existence in the year 1900 after discovery by Nobel Prize winner Karl Landsteiner. He first discovered three blood types A, B, and O, but after two years he discovered the fourth blood group AB. This discovery led to four major types of blood that includes A, AB, B and O. The grouping depends on the presence of two chief antigens and antibodies. The two antigens responsible for blood grouping include A and B while the antibodies include anti-A and anti-B. The combination of the two antigens and antibodies thus determines the blood types. The blood type A has antigen A and antibody anti-B. The blood group B express Antigen B and antibody anti-A (Reid and Lomas, 2004). Blood group O express no antigen but possess antibodies

Blood typing involves properly identifying protein substances known as antigens that may or may not be present in red blood cells. Many different antigens most important are the ones we observed in this lab ABO and Rh groups. In order to determine which antigens are present, we gathered synthetic blood sample and mixed with blood-typing serums that contain antibodies. If a specific anti body connects with an antigen a reaction takes place. This reaction can be seen when blood clumps together (agglutination reaction). This experiment is being conducted to determine ABO blood type and rather or not an Rh factor is present on the RBC. Aside from understanding the correlation between agglutination and blood typing it is just as important to understand the potential threats an error in blood typing could pose on a patient’s life in a hospital setting. Not all blood types are compatible, however there is a universal donor blood type and that is blood type O, which is typically used in emergency situations when a patient is unable to receive their blood type match.

Thick and thin. These are terms that are integral to blood terminology, but they are also the terms that describe the changing market of blood donations. ABO groups, Rh, antigens, and antibodies are just some of the components of blood that must be studied before matching a donor and recipient for a blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is a long, complex process that has a unique matching market of its own, and it has gone through many changes throughout history. In order to determine if the blood is a safe match, technicians check for compatible blood types, non-matching antigens, and finally cross-matching. All of this is done in a large market with blood from millions of donors. Due to the large number of options and room for the match to be ineffective or rejected, there are numerous problems in this market. It is possible for there to be a mishap where the donor blood is given to the wrong recipient, or unknown factors could arise where the donor and recipient’s blood end up not mixing. The arduous process of making a match in this market requires solutions such as double-checking the blood before a transfusion and reading labels with extreme care and scrutiny.

Before we talk about O blood group. I would like to include that O blood type caught my interest for writing a research paper. It’s because I personally have O negative blood group which is rare and considered to be a universal donor. So first of all, we must know what is blood group? Blood group is actually a different type of blood with different and complex chemical system found in the human being, also determine compatibility during a blood transfusion (nzblood.co.nz). According to American Red Cross, negative blood group is always 50% compatible then positive blood group. Blood group is determined by two blood system. They are antigens and Rh factor. These two are the one that brings changes in the blood. Antigens are the foreign elements like blood cells that stimulated the immune system to produce antibody during a blood transfusion. What this does is, it protects the body from harmful substances. They are ABO found in the surface of blood compose of sugar and protein. A and B are antigens while O doesn’t have antigens. And Rh factor is considered to be a protein on the surface of RBC .i.e. Red Blood Cell. Blood type having low protein in it has always negative Rh while blood type having protein in it has positive Rh (redcrossblood.org). This led me to ask one question “Are they really a universal donor and how antigen and Rh factor play their role?”