Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Frozen Mackerel Fish (Scomber Scombrus) in a Humid Tropical Environment Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Frozen

Collectively, the results for the biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggest that the environmental isolate is of the Bacillus species and more specifically, is the bacteria Bacillus cereus. B. cereus are Gram-positive bacillus bacteria that are typically motile species, although some strains are not (BAM 2012, Bergey 1957).

Aquaculture can be defined as farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants both in freshwater and saltwater. It has a wide range of ownerships from small family business to multimillionaire global industries.1It provides many job opportunities throughout the world. As an example Canadian aquaculture industry valued $ 5 billion Canadian dollars provides more than 130 000 jobs only in Canada.2Accelerated growth of aquaculture causes series of problems to both human health and environment.3Most bacterial species resides both in animals and well as in human will pathogenic to both. transfer of pathogens between the two host species is a common situation for most organisms.4 Most of the developing country aquatic farms are non-hygienic and stressful. This will lead to an increase of bacterial infection among most aquatic species. As a preventative and curative method farmers mix a huge amount of antimicrobial products with the aquatic feed.5 Since aquaculture is a global industry, Implemented laws and regulations are different from country to country. It is very difficult to implement global regulations relating to antimicrobial use.1

One of the most commonly shared beliefs about aquaculture is that it has potential to amplify and transfer disease/parasites to wild fish populations, but strict management practices and guidelines have been utilized and supplemented to ensure that US farming operations mitigate current and potential environmental risks associated with aquaculture (NOAA, 2015). Among these practices are regular diver-led inspections to investigate the integrity of nets and net infrastructure, surveillance cameras and even public webcam feeds that monitor the fish farms and in particular monitor efficient use of feed, regular health inspections in efforts to have a head start on disease prevention and detection, and “comprehensive sanitary and biosecurity programs to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests or diseases from one farm site/cage to another or into the environment.” (NOAA, 2015). Additionally, movements are being made to stop the spreading of disease and to limit oceanic pollution by containing salmon in solid tanks rather than in netting. “In Washington State, Domsea Farms has launched a land-based, freshwater system to produce coho salmon.” (David Suzuki Foundation, n.d.) This method is not only environmentally sound, but it opens up aquacultural boundaries. By containing fish in these large tanks, there is potential for salmon aquaculture to

This report will go in depth with the tests used, results yielded, and rationale behind each. Procedures: On the first day of the lab, I was presented with an unknown bacteria labeled simply as 6C. I first observed

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

coli were labeled as bacteria that should not be examined or touch without permission from the supervising teacher. Although the strain of E. coli used in this experiment was harmless, to avoid transmitting the bacteria to other organism, the experimenter handled the E. coli for caution (see Appendix H, I, J, K).

The purpose to this lab was to isolate and identify two unknown bacteria from a mixed culture provided to us by our instructor. This study was done by applying all of the methods that have been instructed on thus far in microbiology laboratory class. Each test performed, provided us with some key information about the unknown microbes in question and how the bacteria function.

A four-quadrant method, also known as a streaking technique, was performed to isolate colonies of the two bacteria. Using an aseptic procedure for organism removal, a heated and sterilized loop was used to inoculate bacteria from the unknown test tube and then used to streak two solid nutrient agar plates, one plate was placed in a 37 degree Celsius incubator and the other plate was placed in the laboratory lockers at room temperature. After a 48-hour incubation period, both nutrient agar plates were observed; the plate incubated at 37 degrees Celsius had the more distinguished bacterial colonies of the two nutrient agar plates. The two colonies that were qualitatively identified were a yellow colony and a clear colony. Both colonies were smeared on separate slants and incubated and a Gram stain was performed to observe morphology. Gram staining is an experimental technique that allows an observer to distinguish between colonies of bacteria based on the composition of a bacteria’s cell wall. The information obtained in a Gram stain indicates whether the bacteria is Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on the ability of its cell wall to retain stain. A gram staining technique includes bathing a smear of bacteria in crystal violet to stain the bacteria purple, following a treatment with iodine and decolorizer, and a counterstaining with safranin. Gram-negative

The researchers stress that studying water (aquaculture and sewage) is vital in understanding and stopping superbugs since water connects us all -- humans, animals and nature. Vittecoq explains: "Limiting water contamination may be key to controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance in natural ecosystems, so a first important step could be to limit water contamination through the development of improved wastewater treatment."

bacteria, etc. from it. Recently we are coming aware of the fact that we have to

Figure (6) Changes in Enterobactriaceae counts (log10 CFU/ g) of coated sea bass fillets with thyme oil solution, chitosan solution and their mixes during refrigerated storage at 4 ˚C for 16 days. Letters show significant differences among the samples at (p<0.05).

The Atlantic lumpfish is a small marine fish found throughout the eastern Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea and Barents Sea. The species shows promise as a biological delousing agent for maintaining low levels of sea lice in Atlantic salmon sea cages, similar to several species of wrasse that have been used since the 1990s. They are collectively termed “cleaner fish”, and feed on a wide range of marine invertebrates, including sea lice. The majority of wrasse are sourced from wild fishery, while almost all lumpfish are produced in land-based farming facilities. The demand for cleaner fish in Norwegian aquaculture is high, and almost 25 million individuals were put to sea in the year 2014.

In this experiment, each student was randomly assigned with a different species of gram- negative bacteria. The organism that I was assigned was Unknown #16. The identity of the gram-negative bacteria was determined to be Escherichia coli. The purpose of this report is to describe the various tests that helped develop a better understanding of the unknown microorganism in terms of the physiology, morphology, motility, and antimicrobic sensitivity it is characterized with. Indole production, hydrogen sulfide, and the colony morphology on the Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) plate, were the critical results that led to the conclusion that the organism was E. coli. In the indole production test, E. coli was one of two organisms,

. This bacteria can be contracted from both humans and animals because of the different toxins that this bacteria releases. This bacteria can be contracted from food and soil. Eating contaminated

Dr. Amity Roberts tested the samples and made some frightening bacterial discoveries. The samples included Enterobacter cloacae which can bring on a serious respiratory infection, and Klebsiella oxytoca that causes nausea, vomiting, and fever.