Japanese Railroad Workers During World War II: Article Analysis

The second element of the ruling - the effect it had on African-American supporters and the encouragement if afforded - had a greater impact. Paterson and Willoughby say the 'psychological need for integration6’ had been recognised, what Patterson calls ‘the symbolic value of Brown’7. All three historians agree that African-Americans needed some success to motivate the continued struggle, and this Brown provided. Patterson says activists were ‘extraordinarily heartened by Brown’8. Kevern Verney talks of a ‘renewed hope’9 given to African-Americans. They were similarly helped by Browder v. Gayle in 1956, which ruled the bus segregation in Montgomery unconstitutional, and Boyton v. Virginia in 1960, which extended this ruling to waiting rooms and restaurants. According to Willoughby and Paterson, the ‘clear-cut decision’ came ‘in the knick-of time'10 for the protest movement, which might not have succeeded without the ruling by the court. Even here, however, the court was unable to enforce the actions. One observer recalled a ‘bus station ... still rigorously segregated’11, in 1966. These examples show the Supreme Court as advancing the Civil Rights by passing favourable and motivating rulings, but it certainly fell short when it came to enforcing them. Taking everything into account, the Supreme Court was a force for change, but not without fault, in the later 20th century.

Discrimination of the blacks was a dilemma without a care to be resolved. Separation of whites from the darker complected people is what caused rebellions and outrage throughout communities, throughout the nation. “Whites sit in the front, blacks sit in the back,” this is the main reason that Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, which cause African Americans to boycott against the buses. You are black, you do not have the same rights as we do.” and out of fear, out of lack of courage, the African Americans obeyed their orders. Then one day, a man asked Rosa Parks to stand or head towards the rear of the bus so he may have a seat in the front where white men and women would sit. She refused to stand, and she did not move; she sat ignoring the commands of a “superior white male.” Rosa Parks began a movement after her actions got her arrested; known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This act of civil disobedience of a single female caught the attention of many, causing plenty to refuse to do as the signs announced, and causing many to walk to work rather than ride the bus. The blacks no longer felt obligated to listen to the signs and the laws which were bizarre yet politely rude. White people were not superior, and it was now that the African Americans were realizing they deserved equality.

The industrial revolution is the biggest milestone of human history. Factories and machines greatly improved productivity of manufacturing. Japan and England are countries with similar geography, both being islands around the same size of the coast of large countries (doc 1). England was technologically ahead of Japan, due to Japan’s foreign policy which limited contact with other countries in order to preserve culture. The Industrial Revolution started around 1760 in England, and 1868 in Japan (background). There were now a plethora of job opportunities, with many people going to work at factories. These jobs gave little money and lasted long hours. One of the biggest industries was the textile industry; people in England and Japan both worked in this industry with many parallels. Female English and Japanese mill workers had similar experiences with their work hours, similar work conditions, and gender equality within the job.

The Fifteen-Year War was a time of great turmoil and uncertainty in Japan. Various facets of the country were tested and driven to their limits. During the occupation, race and gender began to evolve in ways that had not exactly be seen before. War had a tremendous impact on every part of the life of a Japanese citizen. Both men and women began to fill roles that were completely novel to them. Race became a part of the definition of who people were. As the war progressed and American troops landed on Japanese soil for occupation, more drastic changes occurred. Economic hardship and rations befell the people of the Land of the Rising Sun. Prostitution began to rear its ugly head and rape transpired. Through memory, research, and vivid

On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II (Prange et al., 1981: p.174). On February 19, 1942, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the Secretary of War and Military Commanders to prescribe areas of land as excludable military zones (Roosevelt, 1942). Effectively, this order sanctioned the identification, deportation, and internment of innocent Japanese Americans in War Relocation Camps across the western half of the United States. During the spring and summer of 1942, it is estimated that almost 120,000 Japanese Americans were relocated from their homes along the West Coast and in Hawaii and

During World War II, approximately 120,000 people of Japanese descent who lived on the Pacific Coast of the US were sent to internment camps after the bombing at Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7th, 1941. American citizens made up 62% of those who were interned. And even though these American citizens were being unconstitutionally blocked off from the rest of society, the majority of these citizens still declared that they remained forever loyal to America. Some of the recollections left behind by the internees of their experiences at these camps include letters to their loved ones, diaries, pictures, and even full plays. And while living in often cramped, and poorly maintained conditions, the internees still tried to lead normal lives

Imagine if people consider you guilty of sabotaging your country without a fair trial. Your home was searched against your will. And you were denied rights as straightforward as freedom of speech. That’s what the Japanese underwent during WWII. 120,000 Japanese Americans were taken from their homes and brought to concentration camps in remote locations that were in in harsh environments. That all happened because they were considered possible spies, sent from Japan. On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese military. War hysteria, failure of leadership, and preexisting racism was mostly why the reason why so many Japanese Americans were put into concentration camps. Our country was trying to balance common good with individual rights of the people. But, the common good was valued more than people’s during World War II. Most of the time, The United States government does a favorable job balancing people’s rights and the good of the nation. For example, we pay taxes to support our government, and the government protects us (ex: the police force) But during WWII, the US broke more than half the amendments in the bill of rights. Some of the major ones being the 4th amendment (search and seizure,) the 1st amendment (mainly freedom of speech) and the 6th amendment (right to a speedy and fair trial) Why, in the land of the free was a large amount of citizens denied basic constitutional rights for so long?

A growing amount of American people began to speak out about inequality and injustice during the 1950’s and the Rosa Parks bus incident is a perfect example. On December 1, 1955, a 42 year old African American woman who worked as a seamstress

Although segregation was practiced, cases were being fought and individuals were not keeping quiet. It was becoming more and more on the forefront.

In his diary entry, Rustin states that, “42,000 Negroes have not ridden the busses since December 5… the police began to harass, intimidate, and arrest Negro taxi drivers who were helping get these people to work.” Rustin’s diary entry shows the atrocities African American citizens faced before the Montgomery Bus Boycott was successful. In Document D, Virginia Foster Durr, a white woman who supported African American civil rights, states in a letter that, “The Montgomery Bus Boycott is really making history… I think they [the Negro community] are going to win it.” Durr’s letter highlights the faith in African American civil rights, even among white folk during the Montgomery Bus Boycott events. Jo Ann Robinson, president of the Women’s Political Council that was made up of African American professional women, sent a respectful letter to the Mayor of Montgomery in 1954. Document B: Letter from Robinson to the Mayor states that, “We are happy to report that busses have begun stopping at more corners now in some sections where Negroes like than previously.” Robinson’s letter explicitly showcases the successful improvements the Montgomery Bus Boycott was making on

Theres is no secret that the blatant civil rights violations imposed on blacks in America through racial segregation laws served as an injustice to all American citizens in the mid-1900s. At the heart of the segregation battle was the obvious mistreatment, both physical and emotional, bestowed onto African Americans by their white counterparts, especially in the South. After decades of harsh mistreatment, African American leaders sought out to challenge, and ultimately change, the laws and legislation drafted by their government centuries before those men and women existed. Though peaceful protests were a common method of action blacks chose to partake in, many of these individuals were met commonly with acts of violence from angry southerners

In the United States, prejudice, propaganda, and power were collective factors influencing discrimination against Japanese Americans before, and during World War II, but the bombing of Pearl harbor catapulted the greatest violation of civil rights against a minority group during this time with the issuance of Executive Order 9066, which ordered their confinement.

Imagine being taken away from your home, job, school, friends, and family. Just because of what others had done and you; being accused because you look like them or are from the same race. Read this Essay and you will understand how the ‘Japanese-American Internment’ affected many of the Japanese-American and how unfair that “law” had become. This meaning that I am against the Japanese-American Internment.

Ronald Takaki told his experiences of military men, immigrants, and the government during World War II. The United States was hypocritical having ethnic groups fight for freedom but not treated as equal individuals nor having full access to the “Four Freedoms”. (Takaki, 7) As articulated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941, the Four Freedoms are freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Equally important, Ruth Benedict argued that Hitler’s Anti-Semitism required Americans to challenge their own racism. (Takaki, 6) There is no master race, as Hitler argued. Everyone is from one race: the human race. During World War II racism was not only in the service it was also still going on with civilians. As World War II took place, Takaki expressed his feelings about the military men, the immigrants, and the government because the United States was very hypocritical. All of this can be seen in the WWII experiences of Japanese Americans, African-Americans and women.

Counting two months of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 asked all Americans to evacuate the western coast of Japan. This led to the transfer of nearly 120,000 people, many of them American citizens, to one of 10 scattered throughout the country, and concentration camps. The traditional family structure within the camp has been turned, where she was to allow children born in the United States alone to the centers of power. Has allowed some Japanese citizens to return America to the beginning of the west coast in 1945, and closed last camp in March 1946. In 1988, Congress granted to pay compensation to all survivors of the camps.