Key Sources Of Dietary Phenolic Compounds

Our original hypothesis about the effect of high temperature on beet cell membrane was correct; as temperature increases, the concentration of betacyanin increases as well. The beet root sample in temperature 70°C had a higher absorbance value and concentration of betacyanin in comparison to other samples due to the membrane damage. The experiment of lipid membranes performed by the University of Osaka concluded a similar result. They found that the membranes were stable at physiological

The Solanum tubersum, also known as the common household potato exhibits catechol oxidase, an enzyme that is seen in many fruits and vegetables. The enzyme catalyzes catechol to produce benzoquinone, which is one of the causes of browning in many fruits and vegetables. The rate of enzymatic reactions, and the final absorbance can change drastically due to a change in temperature and pH. Spectrophotometry is used to determine the amount of absorbance of the enzyme at different temperatures and various pHs. A mixture of phosphate buffer, catechol and water were incubated at different temperatures and pHs. Absorbance was measured after 5 minutes at 420 nm with a strong correlation between the rate of this reaction and the various conditions. The ideal temperature found is 10°C and the ideal pH is 7, or pure water. If a drastic change in temperature or pH occurs, this can result in the inhibition of the enzymatic reaction with the potential for denaturation of the reaction.

The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study was conducted to test the effects of environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using varied pH concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results showed that the protein function decreased sequentially when the pH decreased. This allowed the betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and therefore the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more permeable the, membrane indicated by color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.

(2014) showed pollination by bees could have an even greater economical value than previously thought due to the study not only considering value to the yield but the quality of the final fruits with regards to trade classes and shelf life the latter being the major factor determining the commercial value of pollination. It is estimated that between one third and a half of all fruits and vegetables are lost due to damage and deterioration during the packing, transporting and storage after harvesting, or wasted at retailer and consumer level.

Polyphenol oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds into dark pigments (Sukhonthara et al., 2016) Inhibitors that could stop the polyphenol oxidase from catalyzing could stop the browning from occurring. Catechol oxidase is an enzyme that is found in most fruits and vegetables. It is known to enable the browning of cut fruits or vegetables by catalyzing a reaction between catechol and oxygen. The result of this reaction happening would be polyphenol, the browning that occurs when fruits or vegetables are exposed to oxygen. In this experiment, we are measuring different compounds that inhibit catechol oxidase from catalyzing benzoquinones.

The Beta vulgaris craca plant, commonly referred to as the beet root contains a pigment, red in colour, called betacyanin. The betacyanin’s containment within the cells of the beet root cell relies on the stability of the plant’s membrane structure. The manipulation of the cell’s membranes through temperature change and solution treatments often causes damage to the vacuoles within the cell which contain betacyanin. Poovaiah and Leopold released a similar scientific publication in 1976 which analyzed the effects of inorganic salts

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to identify the internal concentration of potato cells when soaked in solutions with different sucrose concentrations. During this experiment, potato tuber segments were soaked in solutions containing 0 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M of sucrose for one hour. After the allotted time, the potato segments that were soaked in the 0.5 M solution (the highest concentration) decreased in mass, and the segments soaked in the 0 M solution (the lowest concentration) increased in mass. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was supported because the concentration of sucrose in the solution affected the percent change in mass of the potato segments.

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

The purpose of this experiment was to take spinach leaves and extract the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments by using acetone as the solvent. The chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were extracted by using column chromography and alumina was used as the solvent. Solvents of different polarities were used, starting with the least polar, to extract the certain components from the leaves. They were then analyzed by using thin- layer chromatography.

During the twenty-five minutes incubation period, the red beet tissues suffered more stress on its cell membrane at the higher concentration of acetone and methanol than it did at lower concentrations (Figure 1). The data did not consistently show which organic solvent had the greatest effect on cell permeability (Figure 1). The betacyanin absorbance level

Because the beets are specially selected and each crop is carefully tested to make sure that they will give all the nutrient and oxide levels required to have healthier blood pressure levels.

3. Volume of water, length of time immersed in water of experimental temperature, surface area of beetroot, position within the beetroot that sample was extracted from (possibly), length of washing

The actual nutrition of the bee has a critical role in developing and keeping healthy colonies. Carbohydrates are of utmost importance since they supply energy for all the activities within the hive. Bees naturally get carbohydrates by collecting nectar and honeydew, but unfortunately natural sources are limited due to the fact that harvesting honey by humans has removed the colony`s supply of carbohydrates. Consequently, beekeepers

Beet greens are a good source of phytochemical compound, glycine betaine. The property found in betaine have the ability to lower homocysteine levels in the blood. Homocysteine a highly toxic metabolite which promotes platelet clot and atherosclerotic-plaque formation inside the blood vessels. Too much of this compound in the blood can damage the blood vessels resulting in development of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular

(Amira, 2013) Another study by (GHAOUTH, 1991) investigated daily to see the decay that fruits was infected. As well as, bell pepper, cucumber were evaluated for visual quality, color, wilting and shriveling. The degree of the evaluation from 6 t0 1, which is included outside appearance starts with color: 6, excellent (dark green); 4, good (green); 2 moderate; and 1 poor outside shape. The mean of individual fruits is the final grade.