Leah Romero
04/25/2018
Lab Report
Chem. 102L
In lab 12, DNA Replication, RNA Transcription, and Protein Synthesis, the main purpose was to be able to understand the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules as the way DNA replication is created. There were several different models done to understand transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. The process of mutation changing to the genetic code was observed and the results of it. The main outcomes looked for in this lab were to be able to describe the basic structure of DNA and RNA, be able to design a simulation model that shows the replication of both RNA and DNA, to be able to create models in a simulation that demonstrate both transcription and
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The chemical properties of this lab all tie in with the nucleotide order of the DNA molecules. DNA is arranged to form a double helix with two complementary strands made up of nucleotide bases, sugars, and phosphates. RNA is similar to DNA but RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose. There are four nucleic acids that are found in DNA and those are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. In nucleotide, the phosphate group is bound to the 5’ carbon of the sugar molecule and the nitrogenous base is bound to the one carbon of the sugar molecule. The phosphate-sugar backbone of a nucleic acid strand is made by the nucleotides form covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3’ carbon of the sugar molecule of another nucleotide. At the end of a DNA molecule, there will be 5’ at one end and 3’ on the other end. Replication is another chemical property and that is when two complementary strands of DNA are partly separated by DNA helicases. When a replication of genetic information takes place, it is known as mitosis. Transcription was a big chemical property also. This is when RNA …show more content…
There are point mutations, insertions, deletions, and gene duplications. Mutations occur when there is a mistake during DNA replication. The results that I received in this lab all depended on the base that was given. The DNA codes that I got for part two of the lab varied, but almost every time AUG started the sequence and one of the stop codes, stopped the sequence. In part three of the lab, the results I got varied on what part of the DNA I edited and what I did to edit it. The results for part four of the lab varied by where I inserted the mutations and if I used T, A, or U. For part five of the lab, the results I got were the deletion of one nitrogen base, a protein product that consisted of a hydrophilic amino acid, and a protein with a hydrophobic head with four amino acids. The results that I got were expected based on the background information that was provided to me in the lab. I expected to see changes at mutations, insertions, and deletions. There were a few possible errors that could have occurred in this lab. The first error could have been that I didn’t label my pictures right after taking them, so they may be under the wrong labels. This would just play a role
Ribonucleic acid (RNA): It is a single nucleic acid supported by adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil supported by ribose sugars. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense.
Researchers affirm that RNAi exterminated unwanted viral RNA, and RNAi-based drugs are being tested for treating certain conditions. Initially, a good part of our genes is inherited by our parents. Chromatins, a long string of DNA spooled around histones, controls the access to genes. Likewise, the histones in chromatins have “special chemical tags that act like switches to control the access of DNA” (Chapter 2, Page 31). Expressly, an embryo is able to determine which genes came from which parents, so it knows what genes should be turned on or
Ok let's break DNA down first. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribose is referred to the absence of an O in the Carbon 2 of the ribose pentose. DNA is made up of six smaller molecules a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule and four different nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. The basic building block of DNA is called a NUCLEOTIDE. A nucleotide is made up of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one of the four bases. In other words, the sugar that makes DNA is ribose a pentose sugar in the case of this molecule DNA its lacking an Oxygen in its carbon 2. Nucleic is referred to its position, our DNA most anyways is located on the nucleus of our cells, the presence of this nucleus is what differs us from Prokaryotes us being Eukaryotes.
Every living thing has it’s own genetic code, or DNA. DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of phosphates, sugars, carbons, nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, and phosphodiester bonds. The phosophodiester bonds in DNA are responsible for bonding the 3’ carbon
DNA is a molecule that has a repeating chain of identical five-carbon sugars (polymers) linked together from head to tail. It is composed of four ring shaped organic bases (nucleotides) which are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). It has a double helix shape and contains the sugar component deoxyribose.
A stable DNA structure is formed when the two strands are a constant distance apart. This can only occur when a purine (A or G) on one strand is paired with a pyrimidine (T or C) on the other strand. The purine A can only pair up with the pyrimidine T and the purine G can only pair up with the pyrimidine C. Each letter corresponds to a specific nucleotide base. (Wexler 2) A nucleotide is any part of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA.
3) Copy: DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides with their complementary counterparts to form a new strand of DNA. Replication runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
All eukaryotic cells get their genetic information from DNA, which are strands of nucleotides whose order conveys genetic information to the cell. Structurally, DNA looks like a ladder. A DNA strand is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone (similar to the sides of a ladder, alternating sugar and phosphate) and is connected in the middle with paired purines and pyrimidines (fancy names for four chemicals that make up the steps of the ladder). Scientists refer to the distinctive shape of DNA as "a double helix."
The shape of the molecule is described as a “double helix”. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of one phosphate molecule, a five-sided sugar molecule (deoxyribose sugar), and one nitrogen base.
DNA and RNA are made up by monomers known as nucleotides. Both DNA and RNA have pentose sugars. DNA and RNA have a phosphate group in the nucleotides.
DNA is a self-replicating material that's present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. The shape of DNA is a double helix, the sides are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose. The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. A base pair is two chemical bases bonded to one another forming a the rungs DNA ladder. The DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a subtype of RNA. An mRNA molecule carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing. mRNA is created during transcription. During the transcription process, a single strand of DNA is decoded by RNA
One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.
Deletion Mutation: is a type of gene mutation wherein the deletion of nucleotides causes a shift in the reading frame of the
Due to the DNA’s specificity, samples can be utilised for identification. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribose sugar bound to a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine). Each section of these three components are referred to as nucleotides, which are joined to the phosphate or sugar of another nucleotide by strong covalent bonds to form a backbone. The nitrogenous bases are joined to complimentary bases of another nucleotide (adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine) to create a double stranded molecule (Figure 2). To complete the double helical structure, the molecule coils to compact it’s contents. DNA molecules can contain up to two million base pairs, with a human genome containing approximately 3 million base pairs. The random assortment of nitrogenous bases as well as the numerous mutations within certain DNA sequences, results in genetically diverese DNA molecules and genomes between individials.