Language And Communication Impairments Are Primary Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )

At this point we can begin to understand the limitations of body language, facial expression and gesture when language is not available. Although they allow for instant communication they cannot help a child to understand what is being seen or provide a way in which afterwards the child can communicate what she has seen. This means that children who only have the basic communication skills of body language, gesture and facial

Autism spectrum disorders are a class of developmental disorders that impair social skills, behavior, and communication (Center for Disease Control). ASDs are considered ‘spectrum’ disorders because each patient has a unique experience in the nature and severity of their symptoms (Center for Disease Control). Under the umbrella of ASDs, there are three types of disorders, including Autistic disorder, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Center for Disease Control). Autistic disorder is the most severe of the three, and patients exhibit significant problems with language, communication, and behavior (Center for Disease Control). Furthermore, people with Autistic disorder often have some intellectual impairment (Center for Disease Control). Asperger Syndrome is a milder form of autistic disorder where patients have some developmental delays, but their language and intellect are not affected (Center for Disease Control). The mildest of the ASDs is the pervasive developmental disorder. These patients usually don’t meet all of the criteria for autistic disorder, but do show some signs of social and communication problems (Center for Disease Control). The number of children diagnosed with ASD is growing, and currently 1 in 88 children fall somewhere on the spectrum (Mari-Bauset et al., 2013). Boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism, and while the exact cause of these disorders is unknown, both genetic and

The definition as well as the symptoms of autism have been mentioned in the previous part of the research proposal. Symptoms of autism will usually start showing when a child is around 18months (Hourigan & Hourigan, 2009:40). The main problem concerning autism that this literature study will focus on is the delay and defect with regards to communication in the autistic child with specific reference to the classroom situation.

Autism spectrum disorder hinders a child’s capability to interact and communicate with others; “ASD is now defined by the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnosis

Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn-taking, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things. “In recent years, reported frequencies for autism spectrum disorder across U.S. and non-U.S. countries have approached 1% of the population, with similar estimates in childhood and adult samples. It remains unclear whether higher rates reflect and expansion of the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV to include subthreshold cases, increased awareness, differences in study methodology, or a true increase in the frequency of autism spectrum disorder (American Psychiatric Association). There have been many studies that have correlated the link between autism and ADHD type symptoms.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) F84. 0 [299.00] is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with varying degrees and manifestations that has both genetic and environmental causes, in which the symptoms are usually recognized in early childhood, which progress into adulthood. The three primary areas affected by ASD are communication, socialization, and motor behavior, and it is often associated with an intellectual disability (26). The current edition of the DSM, the DSM-5, no longer recognizes once separate autism spectrum disorders, including Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), Asperger’s Disorder (AD), childhood disintegrative disorder, and autistic disorder. This change has created a controversial conversation. The first two journal articles are studies that were conducted that specifically explore ASD’s diagnostic place in the latest edition of the DSM, the DSM-5. All of these studies are vary based on research, data, and methods, but share similar ideals about ASD’s place in the DSM-5. The third journal article is a study on patterns of the developmental course in toddlers with ASD.

Children with autism struggle to use even simple communicative gestures such as maintaining eye contact, facial expressions, and suprasegmentals of speech (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The inability to communicate and interact in social situations affects the daily life of children with autism.

In a study comparing orienting behaviors in typically developing children vs. typically developing children with Down syndrome, the results showed the children with autism failed to orient to both social and nonsocial situations but it was more apparent for social situations. Further studies found that children with autism showed a decreased extent of attention to an object held by a person than those that were not. Joint attention, which is a frequently seen as a goal in Early Intervention for children with autism, combines three of the components of attention previously mentioned. Joint attentions are the shared attention of two people and an object or individual and are always social by nature of its intent. Following joint attention requires extra effort from a child with autism making the deficit with the skill more noticeable. “The importance of joint attention skills cannot be overstated, as they are predictive of current and later developing language skills and are critical for the development of communicative competence” (Patton and Wattson,

Although some seem harmless, others appear to be harsher. The main symptom shows the child having social-interaction difficulties. Developing infants naturally are social, for example, they grab fingers, stare at faces, and turn toward voices by 2-3 months. Many infants with Autism in the 8-10 month period show symptoms of failing to respond to their names, and a non interest in baby talk or people. Another symptom portrays repetitive behavior. This behavior includes hand-flapping, rocking, arranging and rearranging objects, and repeating sounds, words, or phrases. In more severe cases, some kids spend hours lining up toys in a specific way instead of playing with them. If even one toy is messed up, the child likely has an emotional tantrum. Lastly, a symptom contains communication problems. When language begins to develop, the person with autism may use speech in unusual ways. Some have difficulty combining words into meaningful sentences. They may speak only single words or repeat the same phrase over and over (2).

Deficit in social development is another diagnostic characteristic of ASD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They exhibit impairments in relationships to peers, the use of nonverbal communicative behaviors within their social exchanges, the use of imitation, and symbolic or dramatic play. As described by DeMyer et al. (1972) and Stone et al. (1997), children with autism use fewer nonverbal gestures and a more limited range of facial expressions in their communications than children with other types of developmental disabilities of the same developmental and chronological age. Children with autism appear to pay less attention to other people’s emotional displays than do comparison groups and to demonstrate fewer acts of empathy or shared

This paper will review five studies concerning the behavior and development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The studies investigate how autism effects communication, socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas. Researchers use many different types of scales to measure and compare the difference between children with ASD and typically developing children.

Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at what is ASD, studies on ASD individuals and offending behaviours, explanations on the outcomes of the studies and conclusion on these findings.

To Wu and Gros-Louis (2014), infants enjoy a wealth of prelinguistic communication system prior to language development. As Igualada, Bosch and Prieto (2015) put it, infants may purposefully apply multimodal tactics to invigorate their communicative outputs, a behavior that appeals for common attention processes. Tomasello, Carpenter, and Liszkowski, (2007) consider the ability to apply pointing gestures as a patent and potent non-verbal tactic.Intention, attention and reaction by infant are the most noticeable strategy understandable to all walks of people from plebian through experts in the field of child development and learning.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of graphic and gestural modes of communication with a toddler with Angelman syndrome (Martin, Reichle, Dimian, & Chen, 2013). The participant was Adam, a 21-month-old male with Angelman syndrome. Before the study started, Adam was assessed in communication, cognition, and fine and gross motor skills. Adam did not engage in vocal imitation or turn taking. His mother reported that Adam would sometimes vocalize to get her attention, he would also protest, request, and express excitement. Adam’s fine motor skills were delayed, but he had adequate movements to produce gestures for the study.

The parents of autistic children frequently report a lack of nonverbal communication basics very early on in development. Skills such as eye contact and facial expressiveness appear to be omitted (Farran and Kasari, 1990). Dunn (1995) further described autistic individuals as lacking almost all prosocial