Legal Context : European Union Law

BS 471-15-03 standards governing engine-driven generators. High-visibility materials, Retro reflective materials, Fluorescent materials, Reflective materials, Dimensions, Color, Chromaticity, Luminance, Color fastness, Color-fastness tests, Mechanical testing, Performance, Marking, Test specimens, Test equipment, Grades (quality), Instructions for use. These all are the factors which must be taken when designing these

Treaty of Lisbon has provided that Union should uphold the representative democracy and thus, the legislative power is divided between the European Commission (‘the Commission’) which represents the interest of the European Union as a whole, the Council of Ministers (‘the Council’) which represents the Member States’ interests or their citizens and the European Parliament which represents its citizens’ interests. However, only 34% turned out to vote at the last EU election which implied a growing dissent in Europe. The EU is described as “undemocratic from the start”. The gist of the question is whether the EU law-making process is sufficiently democratic. EU’s democratic performance should be judged on the basis of subsidiarity, representativeness, accountability and engagement.

Enforcing the European Union legal system is diverse and done on multiple platforms; through not only actions taken against member states for breach of their obligations, but also, for example, through the use of direct effect1. Article 267 TFEU; an organism devised to practice private enforcement of EU law before national courts, has been critical to ensure uniform interpretation and application of EU law in member states. References for preliminary rulings occur when the national courts are presented with a question of EU law due to uncertainty of the provision. The national court will therefore ‘make a reference to the Court of Justice (COJ) to obtain a preliminary ruling on any point of EU law relevant to the proceedings’2. In

The CJEU case-law on horizontal direct effect of directives arguably lacks consistency in regards to the application of the general principle. The principle of direct effect was established in Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Although there is no set definition of direct effect, a broader definition was provided in Van Gend en Loos that it “can be expressed as the capacity of a provision of EU law to be invoked before a national court.” However, Van Dyun v. Home Office established that directives are capable of direct effect. Furthermore, Marshall v. Southampton established that there could only be vertical direct effect of directives. This stringent principle has arguable ignited the highly contested debate of whether or not horizontal direct effect is applicable to directives or if directives could only have vertical direct effect. However, this essay shall explore the lack of consistency in case-law regarding horizontal direct effect of directives. Firstly, this paper will delve into the case-law of the topic of horizontal direct effect of directives in efforts to try to highlight its consistency in its approach. Secondly, the paper will use case law and the opinion of academics (enter the name of the academics later) to highlight its inconsistencies using the legal mechanisms that have been introduced by the Courts to try to compensate for the lack of horizontal direct effect of directives. Namely, indirect effect, incidental horizontal

Directives are a secondary source of European Union (EU) legislation which in accordance with Art 288 of the EC: are binding on the EU Member States (MSs) to which it is addressed; they outlines objectives that need to be achieved; they is not directly applicable; they instructs the alteration of domestic law so that it complies with EU policy. Implementation rests in the jurisdiction of MSs, nonetheless directives must be established by a specified deadline as a failure to can be a breach, and MSs can be held to account before the European Court of Justice (CJEU).

Critically examine the continuing tension between national perspectives of the relationship between EU and national law, and the CJEU’s perspective.

The EU law at issue is mainly the the Council Directive 2000/78/EC (the ‘Framework Employment Equality Directive’, referred to in general in what follows as ‘the Directive’), which establishes a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

In fact, most members of the EU do not accept the ECJ view unconditionally – despite accepting the requirements of supremacy in practice, most regard this as flowing from their national constitutions and importantly, as no more than a voluntary choice, rather than it being imposed by the EU Treaties or the ECJ. From this view, it may follow that it is still each nation who retains a power of ultimate constitutional review over measures of EU Law; that is, legal sovereignty. This is where the debate regarding supremacy of EU law and the sovereignty of each member state lies. In the following paragraphs, I will conduct some case studies to present different reactions from the member states.

The EU, with representatives from its 28 member states, enacts a broad set of policies and guidelines that local laws are supposed to be consistent with. Often considered

the social chapter has been the most contentious topic of EC law since its implementation in British law. Working time directive (Henceforth WTD) is a part of EU social and employment policy confined in a separate treaty Following the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties. These legalization was claimed to have been closely related to The Single Market /It is established that the objective to impose this social chapter is to have an effective single market where workers get same treatment within the EU. The UK has seen to be the most skeptical member in regards to the social chapter. However, these expansions have led to the controversial debate between member states and EU. Particularly the extent of EU’s social objectives has been the topic of debate for a long time. Amongst the social chapter rules, Wtd is given top priority by the British government which they seek to reform. On the other hand there’s chain of support on the contrary. This essay attempts to determine the extent to which the wtd has affected specially the UK and thereby asses if the muss attention is justifiable.

Most European Union law(hereinafter referred as EU law) textbooks showcase that the evolution of direct effect principle gave rise to various debatable issues. It is blatant that directive appears to be a double-edged sword by protecting fundamental rights guaranteed by the Union law, taken jointly, ensuring the uniform application of Union law across the Member States. Nevertheless, David appreciated that this issue became highly contentious due to the inconsistent judicial approach adopted by Court of Justice (hereinafter referred as CJEU) , consequently resulted in belittling Member States’ supremacy.

1946 in a speech in Zurich after WWII, did Winston Churchill call for “kind of United States of Europe” (Coe.int, 2014). 1951 the ECSC is established by Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Six years later in 1957 does the Rome treaty sets the start of the EEC the beginning of the european common market and the EURATOM (atomic energy community). In 1961 does Britain in fellowship with Denmark and Ireland apply for membership to the EEC but it is not until 1973 when the approval has been granted hence to Charles de Gaulles veto (News.bbc.co.uk, 2014).

The Equality Act 2006 according to personnel today (2006) was firstly to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights, this is applicable to discrimination on grounds of beliefs and religions in the provision of goods and services also the disposal, management of premises, education, and the exercise of public functions, also discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, and create a duty to Promote sexual equality and prohibit sex discrimination.

Such an understanding of the position in this regard is evidenced by the fact that the law of the EU in the form of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2008 (henceforth, the

We have chosen to write this assignment on the European Court of Justice (ECJ), looking into its role in the European integration process, and how its rulings and judgments have affected the business framework. We will also be looking into the effects of its rulings on state sovereignty, and how in some cases its rulings have limited states power over certain policy areas and handed them to the European Union.