Literature Review

Currently, more responsibilities are being given to the pharmacy technician that were traditionally performed by pharmacists, such as clarifying prescriptions and entering orders. With these additional responsibilities for the pharmacy technician, this will allow the pharmacist to spend additional time with patients. However, with these additional responsibilities enables more opportunities for error. In 2008, a study was performed at Wentworth-Douglass Hospital, a 178 bed acute care facility

Encourage the use of computer-generated or electronic medication administration records. Plan for the implementation of computerized prescriber order entry systems. Consider the use of machine-readable code (i.e., bar coding) in the medication administration process. Use computerized drug profiling in the pharmacy. Be a demanding customer of pharmacy system software; encourage vendors to incorporate and assist in implementing an adequate standardized set of checks into computerized hospital pharmacy systems (e.g., screening for duplicate drug therapies, patient allergies, potential drug interactions, drug/lab interactions, dose ranges, etc.)”. (Association,

Throughout this course, I received exposure to valuable lessons that I can use in my clinical practice of patient care. One experience generated the greatest impact in my ability to provide safe, high-quality patient care – lab simulation. Lab simulation stands as a technique that “allows the educator to control the learning environment through scheduling of practice, providing feedback, and minimizing or introducing environmental distractions” (Durham & Alden, 2008, p. 222). Simulation is a technique used to prepare students for real experiences in clinical practice; simulation stands as an opportunity for students to provide nursing care in a simulated, safe environment. From personal experience, I can claim that lab simulation positively impacted me in various mannerisms – increased my confidence, assisted in my stress management skills, improved my care management of a patient, transferred my skills learned in the simulation to the clinical setting, improved my communication skills, and enhanced my critical thinking abilities.

Simulation in the field of medicine and nursing has become a significant function of education for students and practicing healthcare providers (Aebersold and Tschannen, 2013). Also, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends simulation as a strategy to support nurses in the ongoing accomplishment of knowledge and skills as well as interprofessional education. The activities of simulation also mimic the reality practice when training is too expensive, rarely occurs, or cause an unnecessary risk for patients (Billings and Halstead, 2012). Furthermore, simulation promotes critical thinking, problem-solving, clinical reasoning and diversity of care in a non-threatening environment (Billings and Halstead, 2012). Therefore, it is essential to prepare

In regards to the survey information the hospitals gathered, many of the hospitals shared the same strengths and weaknesses, with a few notable exceptions. Areas that were consistently low throughout all the hospitals were cleanliness of the hospital as well as noise level, an aspect which pharmacists do not have control over. An area in which they do have control over is if a patient’s medications are explained to them, which was a weakness of a majority of the hospitals. An area where the hospitals showed a collective strength was communication with doctors and nurses. A synergistic relationship between nurses, doctors and pharmacists will change this weakness of medication education to a strength.

A peer-reviewed journal article by Harris and Moore (2014) investigated the effects of a simulation-based educational program for 158 nursing students in their junior year of college. The groups of four nursing students practiced at three different simulation based medication administration stations one week prior to taking the medication administration exam (MAE). The study suggests that those who engaged in the simulation practice session before the exam scored significantly higher than those who did not participate. Early education on subjects of medication error will prepare healthcare students in their future occupations in hospitals and other medical settings. The findings in the study suggests that if contextual learning is implemented

We will be looking at the roles of three people involved in the medication cycle starting with the doctor, then moving onto the Pharmacist and then onto the Enrolled nurse. The doctor’s role is to look at all the symptoms, medically diagnose the patient and to analysis their medication needs (Berman, Kozier & Erb, 2015). The doctor then writes the order or script of medications for the patient, which needs to be taken to the pharmacy where the Pharmacist will make up the prescription and dispense the medication the pharmacist may also give information about drug interactions and side effects just to name a few. The Pharmacist

At this particular site I saw the importance of pharmaceutical care and its importance between patient and pharmacist. The major idea of pharmaceutical care is having a patient-centered pharmacy practice. This was practiced heavily at this pharmacy. Patients were counseled on any new prescriptions that they had and they were always informed about any changes in their medications. In my second week of IPPE I had to inform a patient that their medication would look

Analyzing the acute care context is crucial when critiquing the many activities that nurses carry out during their shifts. This analysis ensures that these activities are being performed correctly, while also maintaining that the patient and his or her needs are at the centre of care. In particular, when examining the medication administration process (MAP), nurses must explore many factors, including the practice standards and guidelines that accompany this activity, the positive and negative aspects associated with current as well as best practice, barriers and facilitators associated with best practice, and how one can maintain his or her best practice within this activity. For the purpose of this

According to the Beth Lofgren’s article “Pharmacists Prepared to Implement MTM,” patients medicinal needs have been neglected. This negligence is often the result of primary care physicians’ or hospital physicians’ “continue without a second look” approach. Several patients are admitted to the hospital carrying a bag or a list of medications that they take at home; however, this list mostly remains unaltered after leaving the hospital. Physicians simply write for their patients to continue all medications, which can cause an increase in the duration of hospital visits, duplication in therapy, and medication interactions between home and hospital medications. Pharmacists, being the medication experts within the health care field, frequently intervene; however, with the current setup with distribution and clinical pharmacy, this error in patients’ medication needs slips through the cracks, thereby, causing the hospital to lose money and the patient receiving inadequate care. Pharmacists have adopted a way to reduce cost and improve patient care.

Information and communication technology has been adopted and implemented within various sectors of the economy. This is attributed to the benefits of technology in facilitating organizational activities and processes and its use in meeting the changes which characterize the modern society. The health sector is one of the industries which have significantly implemented technology. The health sector’s technological applications have been achieved within health information systems. The implementation of technology in this sector has resulted into both positive and negative implications on health

The pharmacy is more than just your average mom and pop corner store in the rural areas or the average Walgreens and CVS in more populated areas where you go to just get a few drug store items or pick up your prescription medications. Pharmaceutical companies work with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the drug discovery and development process. They also hire scientists to search for different types of drugs capable of affecting disease. The research that is done by these scientists also provides new and better treatments for diseases (Williams, S.J.& Torrens, P.R., 2008). The role of the pharmacists has also changed over the years, from not just mixing the drugs and counting pills and filling prescriptions, but also to a role of educating

Modern medicine and healthcare system have categorized herbal medicine as a natural remedy used when people can’t afford to purchase conventional drugs. They are perceived inferior because they cost less but the health benefits are endless. However, there have been various situations and instances that prove that herbal medicine is good for health.

This paper consists of literature review of previous researches conducted related to the effect of utility model on innovation and technological growth of South Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and Germany. I will discuss the following: how patent and utility model contributes uniquely to innovation and technological growth to countries in different economic growth phase, in terms of total factor productivity (TFP), detailed costs and benefits, and commonality of each type of intellectual property (IP) protection system, conduct case studies on China, South Korea, Japan, and Australia by comparing the trend of patent and utility model application to the level of TFP, discussions about the findings and a conclusion. Patents promote

This chapter summarizes the findings and gaps from the past research in order to establish the context for the proposed framework. Firstly, the existing studies that imply the influence of pavement roughness on mobile source emissions will be discussed. Secondly, the studies on existing emission models especially VSP based approach will be presented. Thirdly, the literature will find out the ongoing models to develop emission inventory for Texas roadways. And finally, the summary part will discuss the limitations of the existing studies in the context of Texas and the gaps in statistical measures.