Review of literature
Thorax is a composed of many integrated systems including the muscles, bones and other soft tissues organ systems, the biomechanics of which, impart the thorax a high mechanical resistance to injury, mainly due to distinctive elastic properties of the rib and spine system supported by muscles. So, understanding the complex mechanics of the thorax is critical for understanding the vast multiplex of injuries sustained in various different circumstances.
Anatomy
The skeleton of the thoracic wall is formed by
• the spinal column and 12 thoracic vertebrae
• the sternum
• 12 paired ribs and costal cartilages
The sternum
It is a dagger-shaped bone, which forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage and consists of three parts.
• The manubrium
• The body
• The xiphoid process
The ribs
The ribs run in an oblique, inferior direction from their posterior articulation to their anterior articulation. For example, rib 2 articulates with the T2 vertebra posteriorly but with the sternal angle at the T4 vertebral level anteriorly.
There are three types of ribs
1) True ribs –
1st to 7th ribs which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.
2) False ribs –
8th to 10th ribs which are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them
3) Floating ribs –
11th and 12th rib which do not connect even indirectly with the sternum
Ribs can be further classified as –
1) Typical ribs – 3rd to 9th.
• A typical rib has a head, neck,
The shaft of the bone which surrounds the medullary cavity. In this patients case the diaphysis (shaft) of the humerus has been fractured
Some examples include the following: clavicle, coccyx, femur, fibula, foramen magnum, mandible, maxilla, metatarsals, ossify, phalanges, radius, scapula, sternum, suture, tibia, ulna, and vertebra. All of these terms are associated with the skeletal system. The mandible, maxilla, and foramen magnum are located in the cervical vertebrae. The clavicle, scapula, and sternum are located in the thoracic vertebrae. The lumbar vertebra contains the humerus, ulna, and radius. The coccyx is located in the sacral vertebrae. The femur, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges, and tibia are located in the appendicular skeleton. The sutures are located in the skull. The vertebrae is the backbone of the body. Ossification is the formation of bone. These terms are important in knowing and learning the skeletal system.
A.2 What is the name of the shallow, oval socket of the scapula that Stefan placed next to the humerus?
1. The anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the
The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the
Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge-like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body’s structure and support the body’s movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.
|Second rib: bilateral, at the second costochondral junctions, just lateral to the junctions on the upper surfaces. |
The term "ribs" is defined as curved bones that surround the entire chest and protect the vital organs and blood vessels, and expand and contract to allow for efficient breathing.
In the thoracic cage, one can find the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs. It encloses the heart, the lungs, and provides attachment for the pectoral girdle and the upper limb. The cage protects the thoracic organs, the spleen, most of the liver, and the kidneys. The thoracic cage’s most important role is in breathing. It rhythmically expands by the respiratory muscles and creates a vacuum that draws air into the lungs, and then compressed to expel air.
Accountability and Responsibility are two of the most important skills that a clinical nurse can display. These skills are taught beginning in nursing school, when learning about the ethical framework behind the nursing profession. Nursing is a skillful combination of science and art that places patient preferences above everything else. Not everyone has the unique ability to be caring and medically savvy. The American Nurses Association defines accountability as the ability to be answerable to oneself and others for one’s own actions (Battie & Steelman, 2015). Accountability plays a huge role in patient care and the process of learning the skills of nursing. Student nurses learn that nurses should be accountable for all actions, delineation of tasks to supportive staff, as well as nursing interventions. Responsibility is also intertwined with this idea of being accountable for one’s own actions. Responsibility refers to the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role. Nurses can either accept or reject specific role demands based upon their education, knowledge, competence, and extent of experience (Code of Ethics, 2015). This paper will discuss accountability and responsibility of nurses delving into assessing one’s own competence, techniques of learning responsibility, and the future of nursing accountability.
Throughout the tumultuous events that Hester Prynne has had to face so far, she has undergone a dramatic change in her personality. She has become more cold, in a way; she is more serious and somber, perhaps because she has faced sin. But more so, I believe she changed in personality because she became a mother. She needed to become a stronger, more mature person to provide support for Pearl, who has already had the world against her (because she was born of adultery). Having sinned and faced punishment, Hester became a "harder" person.
Look at the photo of a Pacinian corpuscle. Notice the onion-like bulb of connective tissue. Describe briefly —
Upper chest, sub sternal radiating to neck and jaw, sub sternal radiating down left arm, epigastric, epigastric radiating to neck, jaw, and arms, neck and jaw, left shoulder ad down both arms, and intrascapular
A bird 's breastbone, or sternum, is shaped like a keel to attach the powerful wing muscles. The bones of a bird 's wings are surprisingly small compared to the size of the wing. All the bones and muscles of the wing are in the front and covered with feathers that protect and streamline the wing. The actual flight feathers are attached to the wing within little pits in the bones.
N.B. AV is based on the left side of the heart when you dig into the pulmonary veins!