Longitudinal Research Studies

Domestic violence perpetrators that become involved in the criminal justice system are overwhelmingly male offenders between the ages of 18 and 35 years old. Data from studies conducted in the United States have revealed that a significant amount of male abusers have had some type of previous contact with the criminal justice system. It should be noted that this contact includes positive and negative encounters. Since abusers come from all walks of life, they can be respected law-abiding members of their communities or unpopular individuals with a criminal history. There are no set standards or explicit personality traits that wholly identify abusers. However, researchers have identified certain indicators and risk factors that may predispose one to become an abuser (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009).

The most frequent outcome for victims of childhood maltreatment is criminal behavior, particularly throughout adolescence and adulthood. The argument proposed is that individuals exposed to abusive or violent experiences — whether it be physical abuse, sexual abuse emotional abuse, or neglect — during childhood, directly or indirectly, are more likely to engage in criminal behavior than non-abused individuals. There is a clear and positive association between child maltreatment and adult criminality. This association predisposes the victims of childhood maltreatment to violent, criminal behavior later in life. With this, there is a positive correlation between the type of abuse suffered during childhood and the type of crimes that adult offenders commit. If an individual suffered from sexual abuse during childhood, they are more likely to commit sexual offenses during adulthood, such as rape or prostitution. If an individual suffered from physical abuse or neglect during childhood, they are more likely to commit violent offenses during adulthood, such as assault or manslaughter. The research and evidence presented shows the clear association between childhood maltreatment and engaging in criminal behavior during adulthood, arguing some of the factors that mediate this association.

This is a longitudinal cross sectional study of all children and adolescents patients with LN following inPediatric Allergy and Immunology clinic, Children 's Hospital, Ain Shams University in the period between October 2013 and February 2014.

The long-term effects of experiences during development provide heterogeneity in behavioral studies. For example, though childhood maltreatment has been shown to be a robust predictor of adolescent and adult antisocial behaviors, not all children who have been abused go on to display such behavioral problems. A number of potential explanations for

The first question I have for our small discussion group is what are some reasons that researchers and scientists utilize longitudinal studies in order to observe the aging process? First of all one of the required class readings articulated that:” Longitudinal studies of people are special in that the sociological generation of participating subjects remains constant over the years in a changing environment. Consequentially it is in longitudinal studies that ageing process of real subjects are the direct objects of study. Many of these processes are long-term which is why longitudinal studies are so important” (). I believe that researchers and scientists utilize longitudinal studies in order to study the process of aging upon various participants

Other limitations may include location- a child who had experienced these forms of maltreatment and lives in a difficult neighborhood may experience more severe behaviors than children who live in affluent neighborhood. Previous sociological research suggests that people with higher socioeconomic status are less likely reported for domestic disputes, so abuse can go unreported more often, which would mean our sample may include more children from less affluent families who may live in poverty. The data may be harder to collect considering the sensitive nature of this study and the confidentiality

Her research also analyzed the gender difference between the predictability of future violent behavior based on the individual’s aggressive nature as a child (Cauffman, 2008). Males who displayed aggressive behaviors in their adolescent years were much easier to predict future criminal activity, whereas females did not openly express their aggressive behavior, it is difficult to predict future criminal activity based on aggressiveness (p. 127). Making predictions only based on external characteristics is difficult for females so much that sometimes the predictors can’t be visible until adolescence (129). Victimization in childhood years is a significant predictor for females in comparison to males. Empirical evidence explains that females are abused at higher rates than males on a national level. This helps to explain that 92 percent of females who get arrested have been either physically, emotionally, or sexually abused before their

Physical, sexual and emotional abuse can all devastate a person and create difficult life patterns that lead them to abusive situations as adults. The family of origin is usually the center of abuse which creates these circumstances. Edwards et al. (2003) suggested in their research article that, an emotionally abusive family environment interacts with abusive acts to amplify the effects associated with maltreatment. This idea is further supported by Lansford et al. (2002), whose findings suggested that physical maltreatment within the first 5 years of life predicts psychological and behavioral problems at least 12 years later, controlling for other risk factors associated with maltreatment. These correlations support the very important role of family and environment as it relates to prior

Fox, B. H., Perez, N., Cass, E., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2015). Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 163-173. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011

While the theoretical reasoning that supports the idea that child abuse often leads to crime gives a basis for the concept, much of the evidence that links the two lies in the concrete details. The visible effects of child abuse and neglect that assist with the basis that has been given by the psychological theories lies in observable behavioral and emotional effects of those who are known to have been subject to maltreatment as children. Some children who have a history with abuse do not experience any repercussions while others experience extreme consequences; this is largely because of the certain child’s ability to handle and grow from negative experiences (Child Welfare Information Gateway 3). Children who experience consequences

Young adults’ immoral behavior has its roots in chronic deficits of parental love and affection going back to early infancy. Future delinquents habitually have a disorganized, disintegrating family lives. This often leads to aggression and opposition toward others outside the family. Young adults in today’s society are in a constant struggle with the simplest issues in life. This is due to the child’s inability to have a strong parental attachment to one or both of their parents early on in his or her life; furthermore researchers have linked this to violence in young adults.

The analysis addresses three central issues: the magnitude of the relationship between early child maltreatment and later delinquency, official and self-reported; the possibility of spuriousness in this relationship; and the impact of more extensive measurement of maltreatment on later delinquency (Smith & Thornberry, 2013). As part of the Rochester Youth Development Study, Smith and Thornberry (2013) collected information on child abuse and neglect for their cohort of youth in upstate New York from the Department of Social Services in Rochester. They ex- tended prior research by comparing official arrest records to youths’ self-reports. The final sample was comprised of 1,000 students attending seventh or eighth and their primary caretakers, with males and students from high crime areas overrepresented. Data was collected through separate interviews with adolescents and caretakers. The child maltreatment measure was based on information from Child Protective Services records. Five indicators of maltreatment were used, prevalence and frequency of maltreatment, duration, number of types of maltreatment, and total severity score. An outcome measure included official measures of number of police contacts as a juvenile or arrests as an adult and self-report of delinquency from eighth through twelfth grades (Smith & Thornberry, 2013. Delinquency indices were general,

The United States is one of the most violent industrialized nations in the world, exposing over sixty percent of children to direct or indirect violence, and more than three million children to domestic violence, each year (Safehorizon; Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby & Kracke, 2009). The increasing prevalence of violence in modern society is undeniable, presenting itself both in the home and in the community. Witnessing violence can be traumatic for individuals of any age; however, when exposed to violence as a child, the results can be detrimental to emotional functioning. Family and neighborhood characteristics are regarded as important influences on children’s psychological adjustment and research has shown that being

Child abuse is a serious concern of society because of the negative effects on later social and psychological functioning. Particularly, the concern of ‘the cycle of violence hypothesis’ which is one of the most influential conceptual models for antisocial behaviour in the social and behavioural science (DeLisi, Kosloski, Vaughn, Caudill, & Trulson, 2014; Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2007). Numerous studies have documented the association between childhood physical abuse and later aggressive behavior and violence delinquency in adolescent (Lansford et al. 2007; Salzinger, Rosario, & Feldman, 2007; Crooks, Scott, Wolfe, Chiodo, & Killip, 2007). One of the most pervasive claims in literature for the

When the child is a witness of the beatings going on it can make them skittish or often violent. Children who grow up in violent homes have much higher risks of becoming drug or alcohol abusers or even being involved in abusive relationships, as an abuser or a victim. Children do not have to be abused themselves in order to be impacted by violence in the home. When the child is at school they may seem to be depressed or have anxiety issues. The child can end up being so depressed on what has occurred in his or her life and think that suicide is the only way out of what they are feeling.