Lytic Granules

Mature dendritic cells captures antigen and transports them to the lymph node, where they lose their properties and become immature dendritic cells that present antigens and activate naïve T cells.

Lysosomes are specialized vesicles that are created by the Golgi body. Their role is to digest any worn out, excess or unwanted bodies within the cell. This could include bacteria or viruses as well as mitochondria which are no longer effective. To do this they contain an

Aim 2: To identify the proteins in the exosome of the metastatic cancer cells. The exosome or the secretory vesicle fraction will be concentrated from the extracellular media of metastatic, non-metastatic cancer cell and compare with the control cells. SILAC labelled proteomic analysis will be performed in the isolated exosomes to identify the proteins that are specific in metastatic cells.

Lysosome:The helps break down food. Like the black rubber casing would break down the impact before it damaged the nucleus or the vacuole.

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Lytic granule convergence to the MTOC following activation does not guarantee cytotoxicity in NK cells (Mentlik et al., 2010). Thus, convergence could represent a regulatory step to centrally localize the lytic granules to ensure that the NK cells do not undergo degranulation until granules are delivered by the MTOC to the correct synapse where their contents can be secreted without causing collateral damage. Thus, lytic granule convergence is a mechanism to protect healthy surrounding cells in a complex tissue from being destroyed by the NK cell while making sure that only the diseased cell is targeted at the synapse. Lytic granule convergence still occurs even if microtubules are stabilized or F-actin reorganization is inhibited. This shows that convergence can occur before the MTOC is reoriented to the synapse. The movement of lytic granules along microtubules has been shown to be dynein-dependent, thus demonstrating dynein as a minus-ended microtubule motor for lytic granules, suggesting that dynein directly moves the granules along microtubules toward the MTOC (Mentlik et al., 2010).

Individual tumor cells may be granular or vacuolated and tend to form spaces that contain a periodic acid-schiff (PAS) positive secretions. Atypia is minimal and mitotic activity is low. (70)

Inside of a cell, there is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the gel-like material that surrounds the organelles and holds them in place. Each of the organelles has a specific job/duty to do in the cell. One of the organelles is called autophagosomes. The job for these organelles is to constantly eat the cytoplasm, bacteria, viruses, and damaged cell parts. The leftovers are then carried to the digestive organelles such as Lysosomes. There, the leftovers are broken down. This process is called autophagy. For example, if a damaged mitochondria, is swept up by an autophagosome and carried to a lysosome, by tracing the movement of proteins in the cell, the authors and their colleagues have been unraveling

Protein plaque clumps and tangled tau proteins are a key players in the causes of Alzheimer's, the brain cells are subtly attacked by the deconstructing forces of tangled tau proteins and the building up plaque. Our brain cells and tissues begin to die deterioration of the memory and cognitive skill becomes more prominent as the disease progresses, into stages of unexplainable despair, how can we divulge this insanely important information to someone who won’t remember it tomorrow.

During the lytic and lysogenic cycle, viruses reproduce at a rapid pace resulting in abundant of mutations, thus allowing it to undergo natural selection. Natural selection is the “survival of the fittest” and occurs in viruses mutations that later evolves into evolution. If the mutation is favorable to its environment the virus will continue reproducing with the mutations in order to obtain a higher survival rate. If a virus enters a host cell it is categorized as foreign species and will either go into the lytic or lysogenic cycle. Viruses that enters the lytic cycle (“now or never”) will have a 12 hour time period to reproduce and bust the host cell to infect surrounding cells. Contradicting the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle has an

Endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) can either fuse with lysosomes for degradation of unwanted materials or work as storage for MHC class II molecules in dendritic cells. MVBs can also fuse with plasma membrane, resulting in the release of vesicles called exosomes into the extracellular environment as a carrier destined for simulations, since exosomes can be taken up by other cells via phagocytosis. Various cell types such as hematopoietic cells, mast cells and lymphocytes undergo the same mechanism in order to release exosomes. (Keller et al., 2006)

Conceptualizing an organism with a biological lens involves understanding the organism’s components and how their individual functions characterize the overarching entity. For a body, this means understanding organs and tissues. For a cell, this means classifying its organelles and discerning their functions. Analysis of subcellular components has become a major focus in biochemical studies, and it relies heavily on the fractionation of organelles. Fractioning and isolating organelles essentially enables a scientist to elucidate organelle functions, which, as mentioned before, adds definition to the all-encompassing image of a cell. Modern studies on this topic tend to target organelles with somewhat ambiguous functions, like anammoxosomes and melanosomes. By isolating these subcellular components and analyzing them, biologists have unearthed ammoxosomes’ role in filling a large part of the Earth’s atmosphere with nitrogen gas (Neumann et. al, 2014). In addition to this, other biological organizations have managed to sequester intact melanosomes from cells, separating them from other items of similar densities, and study the activity of V-Type ATPase proteins while they are in a subcellular membrane (Pelkonen et. al, 2016). The general procedure for executing an experiment like these involves lysing cells, centrifuging their components, and separating

The innate immune system is your body’s first line of defense against foreign pathogens. It consists of both physical and chemical barriers. Foreign pathogens that are found in the body have patterns on them that allow the body’s immune cells to identify it. These are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The host cells use special receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize PAMPs. With the pathogen identified, it can be tagged for Phagocytosis. The pathogen becomes attached to membrane evagination called pseudopodia. The pathogen is then ingested into the host’s immune cell, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then binds with a lysosome. The pathogen is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes and the

Granulomatous tissue is a typically small area of inflammatory cells that have fused together, to create large multinucleated cells to fight against infectious bacteria. Granulomas are most prominently located in the lung, though they can also be found throughout various parts of the body, often due to prolonged infection. The inflammation in granulomas, is a cell-mediated hypersensitive reaction to persistent micro bacteria, often found in pulmonary infections, whether it be a fungal, bacterial, parasitic or mycobacterial infection. Most commonly, granulomatous tissue is found to be associated with the mycobacterial infection that is Tuberculosis. Tuberculous is caused by a persistent bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is very

The immune system utilizes enzymes to clean up debris as well as fight foreign living pathogens. One immune cell type engulfs microbes and debris and injects one or more of its “living enzyme packets” to destroy them. Once an immune cell’s enzymes become depleted, it dies a normal death.