Abstract
Some managers inspire, some motivate and other fails miserably to engage their employees. The management skills need to be effectively leveraged so as to maximize the success of the business and are the key elements for making the healthy and desirable workplace. Business is an entity with several numbers of internal and external customers and these customers are effectively managed via effective management skills. Thus, management skills is about knowing and doing, whereby conceptual rules of management is easy to understand but it is the capability of the manager to apply appropriately in different situation so as to make the business successful and profitable at the global platform. Introduction
Management in business is the
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Some of the popular management theories used by the managers are:
1. Contingency theory – which focuses on making the decisions according to the situations.
2. Systems theory – helps the manager to coordinate different programs effectively to work as a collective whole.
3. Chaos theory – considers the constant change in the business environment and prepares to maintain new level of complexity.
4. Theory X and theory Y – Theory X focuses on the use of authoritarian style of leadership while theory Y believes that workers are self driven and take responsibility on their own (Hawthorne Madison, n.d.).
Management and leadership
All the business operates in the highly dynamic environment, which includes continuous change in internal and external environment. Some of these changes can be controlled while some are uncontrollable and business needs to flow with the wind. In order to cope with this change effectively and sustain the position in the market, leadership skills are also required along with management skills.
Thus, leadership and management go hand - in - hand and both are essential for the smooth working of the organization. They are not same but complement each other’s function. According to Warren Bennis, the main difference between leadership and management are as follows (The Wall Street Journal, n.d.):
1. The leader innovates while manager administers.
2. The leader is original while manager is a copy.
3. Leader develops and manager
Although the terms “management” and “leadership” are often confused as in meaning the same there is a distinction between the words. The distinction between the words is that people manage things and lead people (Collins, 2017).
Management and leadership are often thought of as the same within business. The fact is that each of these has a different meaning:
There is a difference between leadership and management, although they are similar in some ways. While, they both want to achieve common goals, influence people, and work with people, they are different. Managers aim to create consistency and
Leadership vs. Management, are they the same? No!. “A leader focus on setting goals and direction, challenging the norm, and seeking new ways of working towards the goals. On the other side, Managers specialize on conformance to the standards. They manage teams and individuals, organizing, directing and controlling to achieve goals” (EBA, 2016).
The General Systems Theory (GST) came about as an effort to describe the systems approach, born from the biological concept of the organism developed in the first part of the 20th century (Von Bertalanffy, 1972). In contrast to the mechanistic systems which are closed and have a direct relationship between a cause and its effect, a biological or social system is open, operating on a principle of equifinality, where regardless of the starting point, the objective can be achieved (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1972). Any system will achieve equilibrium, but an open system can reach a steady state by accessing resources from outside itself (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1972). The underlying assumptions of GST rely on the organization of a company resembling the inner workings of an organism. However, subgroups within organizations can act independently of the the whole, in
Leadership and management go hand in hand but is not the same thing, but are linked and compliment each other.
The differences between the two are; management you are to provide order and consistency to organizations, and leadership is to produce change and movement. A good example the difference between the two is shown on figure 1.2, where is strictly labels the difference between the management functions and leadership roles. Like mentioned above, management is to plan, organize, staffing and control, and leadership is to establish, align and motivate individuals. Again, they both overlap with having to work with people and working toward a
Management and leadership are viewed as two different perspectives in the business environment. As described by Dr. Warren Bennis ‘Managers are people who do things right, while leaders are people who do the right thing’, this means that managers do things by the set rules and follow company policy, while leaders follow their own intuition, which may in turn be of more benefit to the company.
Management involves controlling teams and tasks to accomplish targets whereas leadership refers the skills and abilities of an individual and his charisma to exert influence and enable the others to follow him. Power and control does not
the philosophies of Bunge, Bahm and Laszlo); mathematical modelling and information theory (e.g. the work of Mesarovic and Klir); and practical applications. Mathematical systems theory arose from the development of isomorphism between the models of electrical circuits and other systems. Applications include engineering, computing, ecology, management, and family psychotherapy. Systems analysis, developed independently of systems theory, applies systems principles to aid a decision-maker with problems of identifying, reconstructing, optimizing, and controlling a system (usually a socio-technical organization), while taking into account multiple objectives, constraints and resources. It aims to specify possible courses of action, together with their risks, costs and benefits. Systems theory is closely connected to cybernetics, and also to system dynamics, which models changes in a network of coupled variables
The systems theory is upon the arrangement of and relations between the parts that connect the other parts into a whole. The idea that underlies the approach of systems theory stated that the behaviour of the whole part is distinct to the behaviour of its individual parts. Hence, in order to be successful for an organization, individual parts must work together in harmony (Thompson, and McHugh, 2009). Moreover, in organizational context, systems theory is a way of thinking and analyzing about organization. Contingency theory believed that there is no single better way to increase the efficiency of an organization. Fiedler, originator of contingency management theory, stated that a correlation exists between the traits of a leader and his/her effectiveness. The contingency theory, believed that there is no single way to organize the people and to tackle organizational matter, but the attitudes and behaviours are contingent to changed
In order to understand this theory, we need to firstly understand a word of system. System is any set of different parts that interact to form a complex whole. However it cannot be divided up into independent parts. It linked to each other. Just like a organization, it also is a system. In a organization, it have many departments that joined together such as accounting, marketing, sales and so on. All of this included a lot of employees, asset, resources and information so form a complex system. Every single company also like this. Although this all sets of components that work with specified objective, but it also work together which for better management and outputs.
The concepts of leadership and management are often viewed in different ways with different theories and schools of thought regarding the meaning of these terms (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010). Management and leadership can be defined individually and encompass different roles and attributes, however, both management and
The basic premise of Contingency Theory is that there is no one best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. There are too many external and internal constraints that will alter what really is the best way
Systems Theory which was first proposed by Ludwig von Bertelanffy (Hungarian biologist) in 1928, believes the different parts of an organization are all interrelated, thus if one variable is changed, this change could have an impact on the other parts of the organization. It further argues that, organizations are open systems, which constantly relate with its environment, where they are in a peculiar equilibrium, as they adjust to changes in the environment.