Mature Long Bone: Epiphysis And Metaphysis

A. long bones are the thickest midway down the diaphysis, where the stresses are the greatest.

The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the

The shaft of the bone which surrounds the medullary cavity. In this patients case the diaphysis (shaft) of the humerus has been fractured

In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone structure.

Osteoblast- cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates form the blood in the presence of the enzymes alkaline phosphates secrete by

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone

The bony collar of long bones helps them withstand compressive stress by the mechanism described in #4A above (i.e. hydroxyapatite, weight-bearing pillars). In addition, long bones also withstand compressive forces by virtue of the spongy ("cancellous") bone in the epiphyses. The interlocking network of bony plates (called "trabeculae") found in spongy bone help to distribute the weight of the body out to the tough bony collar of the diaphysis. In this way, bony plates act much like the trusses or struts in old-time railroad bridges which distribute the weight of the train evenly over the entire bridge.

Some examples include the following: clavicle, coccyx, femur, fibula, foramen magnum, mandible, maxilla, metatarsals, ossify, phalanges, radius, scapula, sternum, suture, tibia, ulna, and vertebra. All of these terms are associated with the skeletal system. The mandible, maxilla, and foramen magnum are located in the cervical vertebrae. The clavicle, scapula, and sternum are located in the thoracic vertebrae. The lumbar vertebra contains the humerus, ulna, and radius. The coccyx is located in the sacral vertebrae. The femur, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges, and tibia are located in the appendicular skeleton. The sutures are located in the skull. The vertebrae is the backbone of the body. Ossification is the formation of bone. These terms are important in knowing and learning the skeletal system.

Materials for this laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler, string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones often times vary in width in certain portions of the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint along its length for its true width. Measurements

The bone structure of a normal hip consists of an acetabular and a femoral head, which is covered with articular cartilage, a smooth and strong cover. There is then a ring of cartilage which is called the acetabular labrum. This provides stability, maintains joint fluid pressure and distributes weight to the femoral head. With poor coverage of the femoral

Each long bone has at least two growth plates. There is one at each end. The growth plate

The knee is a hinge joint which gives the legs mobility. The muscles and ligaments of this joint allows flexion and extension of the leg. “Because the knee supports the majority of the body weight, it is at risk of overuse and traumatic injuries” (France). The knee is composed of 3 major bones; the femur, tibia, and the fibula. The femur is the biggest bone in the human body, the inferior end flares out into two rounded landmarks called femoral condyles. Their name comes from the side of the body they are on, which is where we get Lateral Femoral Condyle and Media Femoral Condyle. Superiorly to these condlyes are the medial and lateral femoral epicondyles. The bones inferior to the femur are the Tibia and Fibula. The superior end of the Tibia flares out into slightly concave structures called the Tibial Plateaus. A crescent wedge shape of cartilage sits in each plateau. These are the Medial Meniscus and the Lateral Meniscus. This cartilage acts as a shock absorber and distributes forces. “The menisci are bathed by the synovial fluid of the knee” (France). The meniscus is what separates the each side of the Tibia and Femur and the transverse ligament connects each menisci. There is a circular bone on the

The outer hoof wall consists of keratinized laminar epithelium that is constantly being regenerated. Regeneration of the hoof wall takes place at the coronary band where there are basal epithelial cells that produce keratinocytes. Just below the outer hoof wall sits the lamina, connecting the interior wall to the distal phalanx, and acts to secure the bone in place. The lamellae layers consist of the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum internum (see Figure 1). The laminar layer surrounds the distal phalanx (P3) and makes up the statum internum (lamellatum) of the laminar corium, consisting of keritanized primary laminae, and non-keratinized secondary laminae. The strong bond between the hoof wall and pedal bone is a result of interdigitating of the primary and secondary laminae as shown in figure 2 (Ownby, 2002), (Anatomy of the Hoof Capsule, n.d.).

The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in the long bone. There are four zones of cells and activity in the epiphyseal plate. First, zone of resting where the cartilage attaches to the epiphysis. Second, zone of proliferation where the new cartilage is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plates as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells. Third, zone of hypertrophy where the chondrocytes mature and enlarge. Lastly, zone of calcification where the matrix is calcified and chondrocytes

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones