Metformin Versus Placebo

Well first off, doctors will prescribe medication to their patients for their own benefit. They know the dangers of taking any drug, while being pregnant can endanger the life of the baby. However, the mothers who are pregnant should know the effects a drug will have on their pregnancy. For example, when you buy a prescribed medication it states a fair warning on the back stating not to take any medication during your pregnancy, including the risk factors. Although, there are some medications, such as Metformin which are necessary for women who have a cholesterol problem. This bill will do wonders for the mothers who truly do everything in their power to make their pregnancy successful and their child born healthy.

This literature review will look into obesity in pregnancy and the influences its has on maternity care. The review will explore specifically health promotion including weight, dietary and exercise advice given to obese women, and will explore the challenges that come with giving weight related advice for the midwife and the women involved.

The results showed that there are only about 13.6 out of 128 infants born small for gestational age. It showed that venlafaxine was commonly used after the first trimester in the second. That is where the risk went up for the small gestational for age occurred mostly. It was compared with the ones who did not use any antidepressants and showed a relative risk of about ninety-five percent risk. In the end, there was no

Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015). Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding, digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes, 2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

Receiving good prenatal care is extremely important for an expecting mother. The prenatal period has a great impact on the newborn's health. Low birth weight is a problem among a certain population of newborns. It is crucial to understand the conditions in poverty and its

In our time period, there is a significant increase in the average body index in all age groups and most commonly with the women who are entering their reproduction age. According to the article, “Weight Gain During Pregnancy”, a normal weighted gravida, or pregnant woman, has BMI of 18.5–24.9 Kg/m2, over-weight gravida has BMI of 25–29.9 Kg/m2, and obese gravida has BMI of 30 and greater Kg/m2. Obese pregnant women face many critical health risks compare to normal weight pregnant women. In the study “Maternal Obesity a Global Health Problem and Its Implications on Maternal and Fetal Health”, by Hashmi and his colleagues, they aimed to find out if obese women were at greater risk of having adverse reproductive outcomes compared to women with a normal BMI. By using

The researchers identified gaps in knowledge from the various reviews (Polit & Beck, 2010, p.185). They acknowledge that although there is an abundance of literature documenting outcome data related to management of diabetes in pregnant woman, there are few qualitative studies that explore issues of reproductive health and diabetes from the viewpoint of the woman. They highlighted a Swedish study of women's perspective and pointed out its limitations. These gaps supported the need for further study.

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011-2012, more than 34% of all adults are obese in that their BMI exceeds 24 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). Interestingly, though this prevalence is high, it seems as though there has not been an increase since the same study done from 2003-2004. This seems to imply that we have plateaued at the peak that we have been rising towards since 1976 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). To take this further, during the time of increasing incidences, in a study done from 1990-2004, it was seen that “the incidence of maternal obesity at the start of pregnancy [was] increasing and accelerating” which corresponds with the previous study’s findings (Heslehurst, et al.,

Multiple antenatal, antepartum, and postpartum challenges are incurred with a BMI of > 45. Miscarriage is at an increased risk among women with elevated BMI as well as prevalence of GDM and preexisting diabetes. First trimester screening for previously unrecognized diabetes with an early glucose screening is recommended. Obese women have an increased risk for hypertensive disorders as well as preeclampsia. It is not clear whether low-dose aspirin therapy is effective in reducing the likelihood of developing preeclampsia among women with an elevated BMI; however, low-dose aspirin is low-risk and therefore, can help decrease the risk for preeclampsia among women with moderate to high risk of developing the disease. Obstructive sleep apnea may be precipitated or exacerbated during pregnancy and may increase the risk of preeclampsia and GDM. Women who are obese have an increased risk for preterm birth. Maternal obesity is also associated with an increase in absolute rate of congenital anomalies. In addition, congenital anomalies are often more difficult to detect by prenatal ultrasound given acoustic limitations. (Detection decreases by 20%) Finally, there is an increased risk of dysfunctional labor in addition to complications that are incurred should an operative delivery be required. Weight gain goals recommended in obesity are 10-15 lb. Unfortunately, weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended. Serial surveillance

Despite countless medical advancements and technology, preterm births continue to plague the nation as a public health issue. Preterm births have become a devastating issue that has caused government agencies to intervene. There are a variety of risk factors that may contribute to a mother delivering a child preterm, such as smoking, lack of prenatal supplements, and social disadvantages, which may cause severe stress (Räisänen S., M. Gissler , J. Saari, M. Kramer, & S. Heinonen S 2013). Any combination of these risk factors may increase a mother’s chance for delivering a child preterm. During the preterm period, infants are placed at a

According to Petrofsky et al. (2010) obesity has become a predisposition to numerous chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Women tend to have additional factors that promote being overweight such as pregnancy, overall decreased muscle mass, and hormonal factors in comparison to men who have increased muscle mass and lack the hormonal and pregnancy impact that may cause weight gain. In addition to the factors previously mentioned, recent studies have shown that women who are overweight going into a pregnancy tend to remain, or become even more overweight following pregnancy. The authors of the Petrofsky et al. study also look at the changes in posture and the alignment of the skeleton during pregnancy that

Low birth weight (LBW) has been a growing problem in the world. With 1 million newborns, on average, dying from various impediments caused by early birth. There are many causes as to growth restrictions and health problems stemming from the mother. Low birth rate is a growing epidemic and according to the Department of Pediatrics (2017), in Latvia alone there was an increase in LBW percentile. It has been proven that low birth weight infants are more at risk to have health problems. Many factors have been studied that can be taken to prevent or decrease the neonatal mortality and survival of LBW infants.

The first area to review is the previous weight of mothers at the time of their last menstruation. The weight of the mother prior to pregnancy provides insight to her previous health and the available calories the body has available prior to pregnancy. Proper weight gain during pregnancy is an important variable and for mothers who are already considered underweight weight gain is even more crucial for the baby. “The growing evidence of social and emotional problems for low birth weight children cannot be dismissed (Weiss, & et al., 2001).” Studies have shown that low birth weight impacts the child’s development over the years especially social and emotional growth of the child, including behavioral problems (Weiss, & et al., 2001).

Gestational diabetes is a disease that affects pregnant women it’s a glucose intolerance that is started or diagnosed during pregnancy. Based on recently announced diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin therefore causing the glucose levels to increase in a pregnant woman’s blood. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy (American Diabetes Association). Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to

While some women who received no prenatal care had normal, uncomplicated births, others did not. Most of the women who did not receive adequate prenatal care gave birth to an underweight and underdeveloped infant. Among the benefits of early, comprehensive prenatal care are decreased risk of preterm deliveries and low birth weight (LBW)-both major predictors of infant morbidity and mortality. (Dixon, Cobb, Clarke, 2000). Preterm deliveries, deliveries prior to 37 weeks of gestation, have risen. Since the studies in 1987, which showed the rate of preterm deliveries as 6.9% of births, the 1997 rate shows an increase to 7.5%. Low birth weight, defined as an infant weighing less than 2500 grams (5lbs. 5oz) is often preceded by preterm delivery. Low