MMWR Paper on Hepatitis B
Microbiology 212-A
April 27, 2012
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that affects the liver and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae group (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010). According to an article in Vox Sanguines, an international journal of transfusion medicine, (Takkenberg, Weegink, Zaaijer, & Reesink, 2010) “about 400 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV, and 2 billion people have serological evidence of past or present HBV infection”. HBV, formerly known as serum hepatitis (Huether & McCance, 2008), has eight genotypes (A-H) with genotype D being associated with viral or acute hepatitis B and prevalent mainly in Europe, North Africa, and the United States
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Looking at the data provided by CDC (Department of Health and Human Services, 2011) during 2010-2011 there is an average incidence of HBV of 8 (per 10 million people) in 2010 and 6 (per 10 million people) in 2011 (appendix C). This decrease of 2 (per 10 million people) from 2010-2011 may just be a coincidence and further analysis of data over a larger period of time would be needed. The decrease of 2 persons may not seem like a lot; however with continued education, vaccination, and awareness of prevention, this could indeed signify a downward trend of acute HBV. The trend of occurrence over the course of each year, 2010 and 2011, shows a steady increase without any major spike or deviations (appendix A & B). With the transmission of HBV being mainly from drug use and exchange of fluids between infected individuals (sexually), there is no factor that should cause a spike. Continuing preventative measures will promote lowering the incidence of occurrence, however until a cure is found HBV will still register a minimal number of cases a year.
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Hepatitis B is a disease that basically attacks the liver. Hepatitis B is a transmitted disease, meaning you can't get hepatitis B unless a persons bodily fluids has been transmitted from one person to another who isn't affected. You can get hepatitis B by also doing common things that doesn't seem like not a big deal, but leads to a big effect later on. For example, you can get hepatitis B by using another person's razor because if you cut yourself with it and they cut themselves with it as well it could lead to infection and easily into your body. Also by sharing dirty needles and being tattooed and that's's why it is very important to make sure everything is completely sanitized no matter what it is. Depending how badly it is you could cause
So what is Hepatitis B and what causes it? This is a liver disease that is normally spread through person to person via contact with the following: blood, semen, body fluids from a person with the virus. Most commonly, this disease unfortunately is spread from the mother to her
The severity of complication range from mild discomforts to death. According to the CDC, 2014 “approximately 15%–25% of people with chronic Hepatitis B develop serious liver problems, including liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer”. It is estimated that nearly one million people in the United States (US) have chronic HBV and approximately 3,000 people die yearly from HBV liver related problems. Since the introduction of the immunization in 1990 there has been more than a 80% reduction in the number of HBV cases here in the US. Globally, approximately 350 million people are estimated to have chronic HBV and there are an estimated 620,000 contributory
The most common liver infection is Hepatitis B, which is a potentially life threatening infection that is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus. “Hepatitis B is a DNA virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family of viruses.” It originally infected birds many years ago when dinosaurs still roamed the planet. Paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses, which gives the ability to reconstruct viral ancestors to learn more about them. Mesozoic-era HBV is similar to the HBV that infects people today. Hepatitis B may cause cirrhosis or liver cancer. The liver is the second largest organ in the body, it is located underneath the rib cage. The liver processes anything that is being digested into energy and nutrients into the body. The liver also removes harmful substances from the blood. The body’s immune system responds by attempting to eliminate the virus which than causes injury to the liver. Approximately two billion people in the world has had evidence of the virus, and 2.2 billion people in the United States are chronically infected. Majority of these individuals are carriers which means they appear healthy, but may still be able to spread the virus to others. When discussing a serious
What is Hepatitis B?-Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by HBV or the hepatitis B virus. Most people who have Hepatitis B usually have what’s called an acute infection meaning that it will only last for a short period of time (usually a couple days or weeks). This virus can be chronic for some people which means that it can last longer than six months. (6)
In Hepatitis B, it is the biggest part of your body your liver, it helps your body digest food and stores energy and also remove poison. What is Hepatitis B? A swerve from viral hepatitis transmitted in infected in the blood causing a fever and debility and jaundice. In Hepatitis B, you can also contact people by blood, semen or body fluids. How do you know if you have Hepatitis B? by yellow of skin of the eye, dark color urine and you will have pale movements. The worst part of having Hepatitis B, is that you can receive liver cancer and also, liver failure and also can lead you to cirrhosis. The case of Christina L. Pertteruti verse the United States of American dills with the plantiff having the vaccine of Hepatitis B that was brought
I learned that an estimated 240 million people throughout the world are chronically infected with hepatitis B, most of them living in sub-Saharan Africa. For my required community health project, I conducted a survey of the people of Accra and discovered that, just like my great grandmother, most people had very little knowledge about hepatitis B; their ignorance helped spread the disease.
Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world and is caused by the hepatitis b virus. The hepatitis b virus enters the body and travels to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver the virus attacks the healthy liver cells and then multiplies. The cells create copies of them selves and the multiplying of the virus cells then triggers a response from the bodies’ immune system. Most people at this stage of the virus are unaware the have the virus as there are no symptoms that can be seen or felt. Hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (scaring of the liver), liver cancer or liver failure if not treated quickly enough. Some signs and symptoms of hepatitis include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss
This virus was found by a doctor named Mario Rizzetto. He came up with the antigen that was found in the in the liver cells of some patients that had been infected with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). According to research 850,000 people in the U.S. are estimated to be living with hepatitis B. The actual number may be as high as 2.2 million or as low as 730,000. Hepatitis D itself, the number is unknown, but it does coexist with Hepatitis B.
Adults between the ages of 20 and 50 are more commonly said to be affected with hep-B in the United States than children. Since 1990 the routine for immunization against the disease has led to a decline in children for the past decades. African Americans are infected with the disease than either Hispanics or Caucasians, Alaskan Eskimos and Pacific Islanders however have a higher carrier status rate than other racial groups. Compared other racial groups Asian Americans are at increased risk of severe liver damage from hepatitis B. More males than females are infected with hepatitis B in all races and age groups Compared to tha of patients with hepatitis A or C, those with HBV infection are less able to continue their usual activities and require more time resting in bed.
The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus that is transmitted via blood and bodily fluids. It affects the liver by causing a wide range of diseases, “from acute hepatitis (including fulminant hepatic failure), to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and potentially hepatocellular carcinoma” (Liang, 2009).
Hepatitis B is the swelling of your liver that is caused by Hepatitis B Virus. This infection has two different categories. There is one that occurs over a 6 month time period, which is called Acute Hepatitis B. This infection is more common in adults, whereas Chronic Hepatitis B is usually found in juveniles, that were born with it, and lasts their whole lives. Chronic Hepatitis B is also called “The silent killer.” In the world, two billion people have been infected with Acute Hepatitis B. That is approximately one out of every three people. Four hundred million people are chronically infected, and about one million die each year.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major reason which contributes to liver disease and threatens health of human beings. (1) It has enveloped virion. The basic conformation is that a signal –stranded viral RNA packaged into the assembling capsid and reverse-transcribed into DNA in this compartment. (2, 3) HBV capsids are commonly in which they present two distinct icosahedral geometries, composed of 90 and 120 dimers with masses of ≈3 and ≈4 MDa, respectively, corresponding to triangulation numbers of T = 3 and T = 4 and nominally consisting of 180 and 240 subunits. (4, 5, 6) Capsid protein has a 140-resudue N-terminal core domain which is connected to a 34-residue protaimine domain via a 10-residue linker. (7)The protamine domain binds
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