Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction : Evolution Of Plant Pathogens Essay

In Industrial Corn, the origin of Zea mays is from a sexual transmutation from the “mother corn,” teosinte. There is also a mention of the nitrogen cycle; when there is too much fertilizer added to crops, it could end in algae blooms and the death of fish in oceans. It discusses ecology and the relationship organisms have by the food chain. The corn is given fertilizer, then the cow eats the fertilized corn as well as take antibiotics, then someone consumes the cow. That means that the quaternary consumer consumed some fertilizer as well as the antibiotics the cow was given. In the Pastoral Grass section, grass’ roots have a special structure that helps the plant as a whole. Grass has a deep root system and ground- hugging crown to help withstand grating and fire (129). The symbiotic relationships of the mycorrizal fungi and roots are also

Signaling proteins that alert the immune system an infection is present and that sometimes directly fight pathogens are the:

War, A., Paulraj, M., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H. (2012). Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. [online] NCBI. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493419/ [Accessed 10 Mar.

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

9. In the research done on the microbial community in the Rhizosphere using two methods, which are the Cultivation-dependent method and Cultivation-independent method. The research and studies done had good results, moreover, the physiological profiling was done in 5 days by the use of several carbon sources. The maximal growth was observed for the 30 degrees celsius- incubated plate by day 3, whereas comparable values were recorded for the room to the temperature-incubated plate by day 5.

Yaqoob Thurston is an PH.D. candidate in the Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University. His work combines molecular biology, molecular genetics of pathological, symbiotic and associative interactions, molecular plant breeding, and microbiology as a major platform used to understand the nature and consequences of plant microbial interactions. Specially, Mr. Thurston methodological research concentrates on the interaction of fungal pathogens fusarium head blight (FHB), and the symbiotic interaction arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) with wheat.

This assignment reviews two papers. The first one is a fun review paper titled “Life in a World without Microbes” by Gilbert and Neufeld (2014). The first 5 questions comes from this paper. The second paper is a more scientific review titled “Microbes Drive Evolution of Animals and Plants: the Hologenome Concept” by Ronsenberg and Zilber-Rosenberg. Remember to answer the question clearly and in your own words. Make sure you answer all parts of the question. Do not use direct quotes from the paper as I want you to interpret and put all information into your own words. Do not share answers with classmates. Your answers should be typed.

Immunity depends on the recognition of pathogen components by innate receptors expressed on immune and non-immune cells against microbial pathogens. Innate receptors are conserved germ-line-encoded proteins and include TLRs (toll-like receptors), RLRs [RIG-1 like receptors (retinoic acid-inducible gene-1)] and NLRs (nod-like receptors). Receptors recognize pathogens or pathogen-derived products in different cellular compartments, for instance plasma membrane, endosomes or the cytoplasm, and induce the expression of cytokines, chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules to eliminate molecules to eliminate pathogens and instruct pathogen specific adaptive immune response.

Fungus attaches to the roots of plants to create a mutual interaction called mycorrhizae. This interaction is symbiotic and both organisms benefit. Funguses help expand a plants root surface area, so the roots can reach nutrients when the soil is depleted. Also, funguses use plant roots to obtain sugar and carbon dioxide. This interaction occurs in majority of all plants and is vital to plants survival and protection from pathogens.

Roots and tuber crops such as potato, beet, carrot, radish, parsnip and turnip have long been staple dietary components of the people of Newfoundland and Labrador. As such, diseases that affect the production of these crops have a direct impact on both the farmers and the consumers. The common scab disease is an important disease of root and tuber crops in Newfoundland. The disease is characterised by superficial or corky-like lesions that form on the surface of the crops (Figure 1). The lesions reduce the market value of the crop leading to significant economic losses for the growers. Streptomyces bacteria found in the soil are known to be the causal organisms for the common scab disease. These include Streptomyces scabies, Streptomyces turgidiscabies and Streptomyces acidiscabies (Wharton et al. 2013). In particular, S. scabies has been well documented to

The five families of utilized receptors are: cryptochrome, UV-B, phototropin, zeitlupe and phytochrome. These receptors sense red, green, blue, far-red, and ultraviolet light. Plants respond differently to each of these receptors. In silverbirch, blue light urges hydraulic conductivity and plants that are flowering will orientate themselves toward blue light. However light is not always good. Ultraviolet light, can damage and even kill plants if they are exposed for long periods of time. So plant use the receptor UV-B to sense exposure. From the experiment and the information we gather, farmers will be able to develop more efficient methods of farming that provide fresh product during times of little light and limit exposure to environmental

The best characterised signalling PRRs are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). They are present in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, and represent a primitive host defence mechanism against bacteria, fungi and viruses.

This could speed up the spread because there won’t be any way for the plants to resist the bacterium, so instead of only infected a few damaged plant, now they can infect a whole field in the right conditions. I found this interesting because I always thought the bacteria could only enter wounded plants.

If a pathogen breaches barriers: innate immune response result into an immediate effect of non- specific response. All Innate immune systems derived from plants and animals, when a pathogen evades the innate response, a third layer of protection is possessed by vertebrates in which activation of adaptive immune system takes place. The immune system response adopts itself within an infection and pathogen recognition is improved. As a result of the improved response, its then retains itself when the pathogen is eliminated in form of an immunological memory and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger when pathogen is encountered each time.

Agrobacterium Tumefaciens is an aerobic gram negative bacteria that is commonly known as a causal agent of Crown Gall disease in a wide array of plants. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens uses horizontal gene transfer “which is any process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another cell that is not its offspring.” (Black, Microbiology, pg13) to cause tumors in plants. It causes tumors by transferring a small segment of its DNA and inserting itself in a semi random location in the plants genome. We investigated the effect Agrobacterium Tumefaciens had on the Kalanchoe plant and how it supported Koch’s Postulates. Koch’s Postulates was designed to determine the causal agents of plant disease and to associate a