Molecular Structure And Its Effects On Human Body

A carbohydrate is an organic molecule containing only Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen with the general formula Cn(H20)n. They are made up of individual molecules called monomers which are joined together by condensation reactions to make a longer chain called a polymer. Carbohydrates are categorised in to three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Clendening, B., St. Angelo, C.J., Krause, M.K, DiAngelo, J.R., and Vallier, L.G. 2014. Analysis of Macromolecules in Tissue Homogenates of Bos Taurus (Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Triglycerides). Bio 11, Biology, Hofstra University.

Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbons used as energy stores, structural materials, and signaling molecules. They consist of fats (1-3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol unit), phospholipids (glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a hydrophilic head that contains a phosphate group and a polar group, and a hydrophobic tail), sterols (lipids with no fatty acids, have a backbone of four fused-together carbon rings), and waxes (long chain fatty acids taightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon

Glycerol standard sample was given to the class. One sample of 3 ml Triglyceride reagent was heated at 37°C for 5 minutes, then mixed with 30 µl of Bos taurus homogenate and incubated for 10 more minutes at the same temperature. Absorbance of the glycerol standard and homogenates were measured, and converted to concentration of glycerol (Clendening).

This solution was also the only reagent that turned red and therefore the only reagent that contained the lipid macromolecule. This colour change to red is observed as Sudan III is a lipid soluble solvent dye (lysochrome). In general this dye combines with triglycerols to form these red droplets and emulsion (Pohle, Brändlein, Ruoff, Müller-Hermelink, & Vollmers, 2004). This same colour change occured when Sudan III was added to the lipid solution in this experiment. Therefore it can be concluded that the unknown solution did not contain any lipids as it did not give the expected results for when lipids are

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DPG) is an analog of the protein kinase C (PKC)-activating second messenger diacylglycerol [1].

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DPG) is an analog of the protein kinase C (PKC)-activating second messenger diacylglycerol [1].

Groups that contained oxygen were carbonyl (C=O) and alcohol (C-OH) with each bonding present for a different activity based on the location and also with a hybridization of C-O bond. The presence of carbonyl (C=O) did appear in treated glycerol at 1645.6200 cm-1 but not in commercial glycerol. This is caused by some impurities during product oxidation of glycerol for example glyceraldehydes, dihydroxyacetone and also free fatty acids (Yong et al., 2001). The alcohol group (C-OH) also appears in treated and commercial glycerol at a spectra value of 1015.2800 cm-1 and 1038.5400

Summary of Lipid Dynamics Project. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. In 1972, Singer and Nicholson introduced the mosaic bilayer model, which suggests that membranes are two dimensional homogeneous liquid. Nowadays with a better understanding of the dynamics occurring at the molecular level of membranes, we are aware of their transverse and lateral heterogeneities. Studies suggest the existence of the so called lipid rafts. These are sub-domains with unique lipid and protein composition, in general with high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. They are believed to play an important role on cell

One end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic (“water-loving”) and the other end is hydrophobic (“water-fearing”). The water-soluble hydrophilic heads form the two outer surfaces of the membrane’s bilayer. One layer is aligned on the outside of the cell toward the extracellular fluid, and the other is aligned on the inside of the membrane, toward the intracellular fluid. The water-insoluble hydrophobic tails are aligned inwards toward the middle of the bilayer, away from any aqueous substances.

Phospholipids are compound lipids. They are also known as phosphatides. They are defined as esters of fatty acids with glycerol or any other alcohol and contain an esterified phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base.

Synthetics in general have been an idealistic way to replace human skin cells for burn victims and people who have skin problems like cancer or Birth defect that causes the muscle tissue to be exposed to bacteria. Synthetics have been a way to manipulate chemicals such as THC, CHC, HHC (Also commonly found in Marijuana also known as K2) they can have certain effects on the human body that are either good or bad; synthetics we are focusing on is skin manipulation that is usually created in labs by using a well known ingredient...ALOE!, this plant has been used billions of years for medical reasons though in this case we are focusing on making skin cells from aloe and other such creams such as vitamin E and D, that can help protect the muscle

Although carbohydrates are used as an immediate source of energy in the human body at a respectable four calories per gram, a main energy source lies in lipids, which carries nine calories per gram. These lipids are slowly broken down so their high energy bonds may be used to aid oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. Specifically, fatty material the bloodstream from the digestive system is consumed by cells with the assistance of lipoprotein lipase. This enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins found in the inner wall of capillaries, such as chylomicrons, into simpler free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Interestingly, the crystal structure of lipoprotein lipase has yet to be found, but its structure can be interpreted

Yamagishi S, Matsui T. Soluble form of a receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) as a biomarker. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2010; 2: 1184–95.

However instead of the glycerol, it is replaced by a sphingosine backbone.4 These lipids are