Multiple Myeloma Research Paper

There are many ways to treat this condition. Treatment can depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Often, more than one type of treatment is used. Treatment may include:

People who have Myelodysplastic Syndrome may not experience symptoms at the beginning of the disease. However, there are three main signs that can develop and alert healthcare providers that something is wrong. One of these is a low red blood cell count, or Anemia. Most patients that have myelodysplastic syndromes exhibit this indicator when first diagnosed. A normal red blood count can vary between 4.0 and 6.1 million red blood cells per microliter of blood in the body, depending on the age and sex of the patient. A red blood cell count lower than normal is characteristic of Anemia (Cafasso, Jacquelyn, and Gotter). Not only is Anemia shown by constantly low hematocrit, but it can also be characterized by constantly low hemoglobin. A normal hemoglobin count is between 12.0 and 15.5 grams per deciliter of blood for females, and 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter of blood for males. Levels lower than these show a low hemoglobin level (Mayo Clinic, Hemoglobin Test). Hemoglobin is the protein in blood that carries oxygen to the different tissues in the body.

1.Full blood counts: To assess the Hb for evidence of anemia, WBC for evidence of infection.

What if patients that suffer from Multiple Myeloma could finally have a treatment opinion with the aid of the immunology hormone, Thymosin ß-4? This hematologic (blood) disease has no cure at this specific time, but there are some factors that increase the susceptibility of contracting this disease. The factors include being over the age of 65, hereditary disposition and race also, people that already suffer a blood disease will probably contract MM. Why is trying to treat MM so important? Multiple Myeloma is stated as a cancer that is formed in a specific type of white blood cell (plasma cells). The main role of plasma cells is to secrete antibody that recognizes and attacks germs. These malignant plasma cells result in an increase of immunoglobulin components, most commonly IgG. This up regulation of IgG can ultimately cause kidney problems. To fully understand how this hormone may help patients that suffer from this disease first, I want to look at how the immune system interacts with hormones. Then, discuss what Thymosin ß-4 is and the effects on the inhibition of MM.

In 1963, Lewis and Szur described a disorder that they termed ‘malignant myelosclerosis’, characterized by an acute clinical

Patients with standard-risk myeloma have a median overall survival (OS) of 6–7 years while those with high-risk disease have a median OS of less than 2–3 years despite tandem autologous stem cell

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are characterized by the proliferation of one or more cell types of the myeloid lineage, including erythroid, granulocytic, monocytic, or megakaryocytic lineages. These disorders are clonal and originate from a single pluripotent hemapoietic stem cell (Hubbard, 2011). MPNs have a slow onset and are mainly diagnosed in adults between 45 and 55 years of age. Clinical symptoms include anemia, weight loss, lack of energy, spleen enlargement, fever, and bruising (Hubbard, 2011).

For instance if you have Leukaemia: This is the cancer of white blood cells and these cells are able to reproduce in an uncontrollable way that then end up being un able to fight any infections. 'Cancerous cells' are able to spread through the your bloodstream very quickly and this means that there will be hardly any space left for your red blood cells and platelets to be stored. This shows that bone marrow transplant is needed here to replace the unhealthy bone marrow with a healthy bone marrow to continue with a healthy life.

Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood, or other organs, and form a mass called a tumor. Lymphocytes are the warriors of the immune system (Marieb & Hoehn). The body has two main types of lymphocytes that can develop into lymphomas: B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells) (Lymphoma.org). T-cells and B-cells protect

Stage I: Patients with myeloma “stage 1” don't show any symptoms because there are not that many cancer cells in the body. If myeloma has interacted with the kidney function, the effect may be considerable worse than of the stage where it is at. Characteristics of stage 1 include the following:

Acquired chromosomal abnormalities are considered as an important prognostic marker in several hematologic malignancies. Cytogenetic aberrations play an important role in pathogenesis of disease and survival outcome. Here, our goal is to study the prognostic impact of Myc abnormalities and their role in progression of multiple myeloma. The study will also include cyclinD1 gene rearrangement; the most common translocation observed in MM. We will analyze how the presence and absence of cyclinD1 oncogene affect the role of MYC oncogene on MM and vice versa. From xx/xx/xx to xx/xx/xx, we identified 87 myc positive cases, 137 CyclinD1 positive cases and 27 cases that involve both abnormalities. We hypothesize that cyclin D1deregulation has better survival advantage than MYC

Lymphoblast cells are seen on the blood smear in the majority of cases. The white blood cell count can be normal or elevated, and typically a normocytic/normochromic anemia will be present. As a result of the crowding out of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, there is a thrombocytopenia in 90% of the cases. There will also be nucleated red blood cells, poikilocytosis, and anisocytosis.

The bleeding becomes excessive causing insecurity and discomfort and tiredness, as far too much blood is lost. This can lead to anemia in extreme cases. There is also the factor of pain. Pain is debilitating and continuous pain

According to the Leukemia Society & Lymphoma Society, leukemia “is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy center of bones where our blood cells are formed. The disease develops when blood cells produced in the bone marrow grow out of control.” Leukemia typically begins in the white blood cells which serve as potent infection fighters ("Leukemia"). However, when people have leukemia, this part of the immune system doesn’t work properly. The white blood cells are considered abnormal and therefore do not serve, grow and divide when the body needs them. “The abnormal blood cells do not die so easily, and accumulate, occupying more and more space. Quite simply, the bad cells crowd out the good cells in the blood” ("What Is Leukemia? What Causes Leukemia?"). Leukemias are named for how quickly the disease develops. Acute leukemias develop quickly and rapidly; patients will feel symptoms. Chronic leukemias have cells that work almost as well as regular white cells, therefore it develops slowly and they may not experience symptoms ("What You Need To Know About™ Leukemia"). While there are many types of leukemia there are four most common types which include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) ("Disease Information & Support"). Depending on the form of leukemia, it can affect both children and adults. Some forms are more common in children

is a cancer of the bone marrow and affects the blood, lymphatic and immune system.