Multiple Myeloma Research Paper

higher risk of early recurrence. This study was retrospectively performed on 101 patients with stage II and III

The phase of cancer at the point of diagnosis varies for different cancers. Therefore, staging is performed by means of various methods such as MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), CT (Computed tomography), X-rays, blood tests and special surgery. The three main reasons why staging of cancer is performed are: it determines the depth of the disease, helps determine the treatment by the phase of the cancer and helps determine the patient's projection of treatment and survival.

Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. It is how the doctor learns the stage of a person's cancer. Doctors use this information to plan treatment and to help predict a person's outlook (prognosis). Cancers with the same stage tend to have similar outlooks and are often treated the same way. The cancer stage is also a way for doctors to describe the extent of the cancer when they talk with each other about a person’s case.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare life-threatening cancer that affects the white blood cells known as plasma cells that are found in the soft, spongy tissue at the center of the bones, called bone marrow. The plasma cells are useful in fighting infections by producing antibodies that recognize and attack germs. The plasma cells are transformed into malignant myeloma cells when there are high levels of M proteins or better known as the production of abnormal antibodies from a result of myeloma cells. These M proteins multiple and block out normally functioning antibodies and the end results are bone damage or kidney problems. An individual can have blood tests or urine tests done to determine if they have multiple myeloma. In the article, “The work of living with a rare cancer: multiple myeloma” the authors explain how this type of cancer still remains incurable, but treatable that patients can expect to live longer, approximately five to seven years than what two decades ago. This was not expected for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma during the 1990s, since patients were expected to only live about two and a half years after being diagnosed. Treatment for multiple myeloma throughout the years has advanced greatly yet a cure is still to be discovered. This essay will focus of the causes, the sign and symptoms, how multiple myeloma is detected and diagnosed, and how multiple myeloma is treated.

The first stage is stage 0 this stage is like getting a sunburn basically on the top of your skin which is called epidemi. They treat it by surgery that removes the normal skin around it and if edges of the removed sample are found to contain cancer cells a repeat surgery may be done. Some doctors may consider radiation therapy or imiquimod cream also known as Zyclara even though not all doctors agree. Stage 1 is basically slightly worst than stage 0

Hodkins has 4 distinct stages of Hodgkin’s disease, these being stages 1-4. Each stage is further defined as exhibiting either A or B symptoms. These symptoms refer to either the absence of A or presence of B unexplained weight loss in the preceding 6 months, fever greater than 38°C, and or night sweats.

The first stage of melanoma is stage 0. This stage is the tumor still on the skin, which cancer cell not growth or spread through another type of the body. The next stage is stage I. The stage 0 and stage I its the tumor not spread to any part of the body. There are three primary characteristics of melanoma in stage I are tumor thickness, mitotic, and ulceration. There are two subclasses of the stage I are IA and IB. The different between two subclasses in ulceration and mitotic count.

This is the stage that is the easiest to cure. Stage 1 cancer is cancer that hasn’t grown too far into the tissues surrounding it and is also called early-stage cancer. Stages 2 and 3 cancers are cancers that are larger or have grown further into the neighboring tissues and have moved to the lymph nodes, but not to other body areas. Stage 4 cancer is cancer that has moved to organs and other body parts. This cancer is also called advanced or metastatic cancer.

Stage three breast cancer is often referred to as a “locally advanced” breast cancer. At this stage, the primary tumor is greater than 5 cm in diameter, and has no apparent metastasis, or the tumor is is between 2-5 cm, with evidence of rather significant metastasis. Another way that stage three breast cancer can be looked at is that an individual with either have a large but opera-ble breast cancer, or a medium sized tumor that is difficult to treat with surgery alone. Many times, the cancer will invade a muscles, or attach to major arteries, nerve trunks or veins in an individual’s body, which therefore makes them impossible to surgically remove completely from the body.

When it reaches the nearby organs ,and reaches more than seven nearby lymph nodes, that means cancer in stage four(4). in this stage, cancer has spread through the blood and lymph nodes to other parts of the body.Stage four is isolated into two phases(3).The first phase is stage four A(4).Cancer has spread to one organ that is not near the colon, like lung or ovary(4).Then in stage four B cancer has spread to more than one organ that is not near the colon or into the lining of the abdominal wall

Cancer stages include stage 0, stage IA, stage IB, stage IIA, stage IIB stage IIIA, stage IIIB, stage IVA and stage IVB. Stage 0 is where the cancer if found but has not grown or spread. Stage IA is where the tumor is less than 3 cm wide. Stage IB is where the tumor is more than 3 cm wide and less than 5 cm wide. Stage IIA is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide. That hasn’t spread to any other lymph nodes. It also can be a tumor that smaller than 5 cm but has spread to other lymph nodes. Stage IIB is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide, but this tumor has spread to other lymph nodes. This stage can also include a tumor that is more than 7 cm wide but hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes.

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The

when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients

There are five different stages that doctors split up cancer which include 0, I, II, III, IV and each one changes the way that the cancer is treated alongside the outcome. Most people know a general background about the stages, but do not have a genuine breakdown of what else goes into defining a stage. There are three letters that are first identified by doctors before a set stage is stated. This is called the TNM system in which expresses the actual growth of cancer cells and more specifically how it is spreading. The T defines the extent of the primary tumor, N stands for the absence or presence of regional lymph node involvement, and the M stands for the absence or presence of distant metastases. Each of these then go into the diagnostic of the five different stages. The first stage which is considered to be 0 is classified as the earliest stage of cancer possible, while stage 5 (IV) is considered to be the most advance stage of