Musculoskeletal System

The skeletal system is a very essential part of the body, without it would be impossible to do many things even moving. The skeletal is composed of bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, and other tissues. The skeleton is separated into two regions, the axial skeleton which forms the supporting axis of the body also the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle. The main functions of the skeletal system are support, leverage, storage of minerals and lipids, also blood cell production. Each bone or group of bones makes up the structure of the body, allowing soft tissues and other organs to attach to them. The storage of minerals and lipids is also a very important function of the skeletal system. They

system is to provide movement for the body. The muscular system consist of three different

The musculoskeletal system provides support for the body as it provides protection, protecting the body from any possible damage. The limbs of the body, e.g. arms, legs, hips and shoulders help support and keep the body held up. Many other bones support different parts of the body such as the rib cage supports and protects all the organs which are located inside the rib cage, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys and others. The shape of the skeleton allows us to cope with

The continuous high levels of PTH stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts, but do so indirectly. The PTH will bind to the receptors located on the osteoblast, which then signal bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors to differentiate into osteoclasts. This is done through the activity of RANKL binding to RANK. When stimulated by PTH, the osteoblasts up-regulate expression of RANKL which binds to RANK and activates osteoclast production. This process will result in high bone turnover and ultimately, bone resorption. Overall, there will be more activity in the resorption phase of the bone remodeling cycle.

These hormones assist calcium in replacing and renewing old bone cells. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism) causes calcium to leech from the bones into surrounding cells, where it is eliminated by the urine. This contributes to a decrease in bone density, which may cause osteoporosis.

Calcium is critically involved in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and many metabolic activities within cells. To remain healthy, the body must keep the level of free calcium ions (Ca2+) within a very narrow concentration range. Besides providing a framework for the body, bone acts as a calcium "bank." When excess calcium is present in the blood, osteoblasts deposit it into bones where it is stored. When too little calcium is present, osteoblasts dissolve calcium from bones and move it into the blood. This process is controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands in the neck. As people age, various conditions cause them to take more calcium out of the "bone bank" than they deposit, and osteoporosis (which literally means porous bones) eventually develops. A person's peak bone mass and the rate at which they lose it in later life affects their risk of developing osteoporosis; the higher the peak bone mass at age 30, the lower the risk of osteoporosis later on.

Firstly, the musculoskeletal system includes your muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage. The nervous system is also at times used to control the musculoskeletal system; this would allow voluntary movement to take place. The impulses around the body help contract muscles; as a muscle contracts it would shorten and pull the attached bone to it. As well as this, the skeletal system maintains a structure and posture for the body and allows movement to take place, and so it produces heat by contracting muscles. Some of the acute changes that take place in the musculoskeletal system are:

Everything in the body is connected in some way. Each part functions for a specific reason, whether it is to produce movement, organize, communicate, etc. While there are some parts of the body we can live without, most parts are there for a reason. Without those necessary parts, disease, disabilities, or even death can occur. The musculoskeletal system is a great example of how the body works together to function properly. The system is responsible for providing support, stability, form, and movement to the body. It consists of the bones of the skeleton, cartilage, ligaments, joints, tendons, and muscles. Each part of the musculoskeletal system is intertwined and work together to form a fully functioning system. To show this is true, I will

The Skeletal System is the framework of the body, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. The Skeletal System also are made up of cartilage and calcified bones that collaborate to help process movement happen smoother. The Skeletal System interacts with the Muscular System. The muscles in our body connect to our skeleton and they contract and move the skeleton along.

1997). The glands are composed of chief and oxyphil cells; both cells types contain PTH has a half-life from 4-10 minutes due to rapid degradation in the liver (Aron et al. 1997). Parathyroid hormone provides a powerful mechanism for controlling extracellular Ca and phosphate concentrations by regulating intestinal re-absorption, renal excretion, and exchange between the extracellular fluid and bone of these ions (Aron et al. 1997). Parathyroid hormone response to a decrease in blood Ca levels (Bhattacharya 2014). Serum Ca levels normally average 9.5mg/dL (Kierszenbaum 2007). When Ca intake or absorption is inadequate, PTH is secreted to avoid hypocalcemia by increasing the conversion of 25(OH)vitamin D into 1,25(OH)2vitamin D and intestinal absorption, increasing the renal tubular Ca reabsorption but also increasing bone resorption (Bagchi, Nair ,and Sen 2013). Parathyroid hormone has biphasic effects on bone formation by causing an acute inhibition of collagen synthesis with high concentrations, but, on the contrary, it increases bone formation with prolonged intermittent administration (Rissanen 2013). If the stimulus persists, secondary hyperparathyroidism will cause negative bone balance (Holick

Hyperparathyroidism is the overproduction of parathyroid hormone which leads to elevated levels of both PTH and calcium in the

Along with IGF-I, PTH induces Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB Ligand (RANKL) and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (MCSF) from mature osteoblasts to promote osteoclastogenesis (150). PTH elevates cAMP levels and inhibits Mef2-stimulated Sost promoter activity in osteocytes, leading to decreased expression of sclerostin and an elevated bone formation rate (151). Vitamin D3 stimulates osteoblastogenesis via differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts (152). Calcitonin suppresses bone resorption by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts (153). Estrogen inhibits bone resorption by directly inducing apoptosis of the bone-resorbing osteoclasts (154). Androgens can also indirectly inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption via effects on osteoblasts/osteocytes and the RANKL/RANK/OPG (OPG: Osteoprotegerin) system (155, 156). In addition to systemic hormonal regulation, it is known that growth factors such as Insuline Growth Factors (IGFs), TGF-β, FGFs, Epidermal growth factor (EGF), WNTs, and BMPs play significant roles in regulation of physiological bone remodeling

The musculoskeletal system is a made up of the muscular system and the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body, it protects the organs by enclosing it and anchors skeletal muscles so that the muscles can contract thus causing movement. The skeleton is divided into two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 94). The Axial skeleton are the bones that have formed the longitudinal axis of the body which is made up of the skull, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 98). The Appendicular skeleton are the bones of limbs and griddles that are attached to the axial skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 103).

This essay will talk about how different features of the musculoskeletal system functioning in terms of movement, support and load bearing, the factors which affect tensions in developed muscle and different roles of muscle and their roles in movement. The first part to start with is to understand what musculoskeletal system is and the function of it. The basic function of musculoskeletal system is to support the human body, allow movement, support and protect organs, it also known as the loco-motor system. The system is formed by bones, cartilage, ligaments, muscles, tendons, joints and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The skeletal part of the system works as storage system for calcium and phosphorus. It is essential for bones to regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream, and then the variation of minerals is high, these minerals are stored in bone; when it is low, minerals are withdrawn from the bone. The skeleton system has a critical relationship with blood production (hematopoietic) system. The hematopoietic system locates in long bones and there are two distinctions of bone marrow. The yellow marrow has fatty connective tissue, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy; the red marrow is important for blood cell production. The bones also provide stability to the body; muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones. When movement happens, different bones are connected by joints and

Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems, by means of the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a broad spectrum, dealing with humans, animals, plants, molecular analysis, and whole body analysis.