Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Sickle Cell Anemia is a group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. Sickle Cell Anemia affects many people all over the world; Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States, affecting 70,000 to 80,000 Americans (Ashley-Koch, Yang and Olney). Sickle Cell Anemia causes your red blood cells to be thin, stiff, and shaped like a sickle. But your red blood cells are supposed to be round and soft. When a person is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia the blood cells start to become clogged blood vessels, which can cause a great amount of health issues including: infections, stroke, and acute chest syndrome. People get sickle cell anemia by inheriting a mutated gene from both of their parents. On the down side, there is not currently an effective cure for sickle cell anemia, there are several different therapeutic approaches to treating and attempting to cure the disease and help people who are affected with sickle cell anemia better manage their symptoms. There have also been several great scientists that dedicated a lot of research to help find a cure for sickle cell anemia.

Jacobs regards to his diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. I explained to Mr. Jacobs that myelodysplastic syndrome is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by dysplastic and an effective blood cell production within the bone marrow and puts the patient at variable risk for transformation to acute leukemia. I explained to him that this disorder may occurred the Novo will rise after potentially mutagenetic therapy or environmental exposure to toxins. Patient's with MDS have variable reduction in the production of red blood cells, platelets, and mature granulocytes. In addition, these formed elements sometimes exhibit qualitative functional defects. These quantitative and qualitative abnormalities often result in a variety of systemic consequences including anemia, bleeding, and increased risk for infection. I explained to him that the pathogenesis of MDS is incompletely understood. The patient has already undergone a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration which was consistent with a myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts and transformation. The patient has already started growth factor support. My plan moving forward is to start the patient on Vidaza, which is a antineoplastic agent, DNA methylation inhibitor. The plan will be to start the patient on 75 mg/m2 per day for five days of Vidaza and repeat the cycle every 28 days. It is possible that he may develop worsening of his peripheral blood counts with

Also known as normocytic anemia. This is the most frequent type of anemia most often happening to males over 85 years old. It is a common problem that occurs to men and women over 85 years old. Symptoms include and are caused by: a reduced production of normal-sized red blood cells even though presence of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range; an increased production of HbS as is seen in sickle cell diseases; greater destruction and loss of red blood cells; an increase in plasma volume that is not compensated by anything else; a B2 (riboflavin) deficiency; and a B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency. (Brill & Baumgardner 2000).

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare life-threatening cancer that affects the white blood cells known as plasma cells that are found in the soft, spongy tissue at the center of the bones, called bone marrow. The plasma cells are useful in fighting infections by producing antibodies that recognize and attack germs. The plasma cells are transformed into malignant myeloma cells when there are high levels of M proteins or better known as the production of abnormal antibodies from a result of myeloma cells. These M proteins multiple and block out normally functioning antibodies and the end results are bone damage or kidney problems. An individual can have blood tests or urine tests done to determine if they have multiple myeloma. In the article, “The work of living with a rare cancer: multiple myeloma” the authors explain how this type of cancer still remains incurable, but treatable that patients can expect to live longer, approximately five to seven years than what two decades ago. This was not expected for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma during the 1990s, since patients were expected to only live about two and a half years after being diagnosed. Treatment for multiple myeloma throughout the years has advanced greatly yet a cure is still to be discovered. This essay will focus of the causes, the sign and symptoms, how multiple myeloma is detected and diagnosed, and how multiple myeloma is treated.

* Weakness or numbness especially in the lower extremities, related to the myeloma cells can be nerve toxic.

described the characteristics and symptoms of this disease and what exact organs it relates to.

Myelodysplastic disorders (MDS) are conditions that happen when the blood-forming cells within the bone marrow are harmed. This harm prompts low quantities of one or more sorts of platelets. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of diseases of the blood characterized by a defect in the bone marrow that produces abnormally or insufficient blood red, blood cells white and platelets. MDS is also called pre-leukemia because, over time, can develop into leukemia become acute and should not be confused with Myeloproliferative syndromes.

This overgrowth of blasts, if severe enough is called acute leukemia. Myelodysplaatic syndrome are divided into 7 subtypes of MDS which are Refractory anemia(RA) the primary sign of RA is anemia the white blood cells and the platelets are both normal there’s less than 5% blast found in the bone marrow this type of MDS does not develop into AML, Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblast(RARS) people with this subtype of MDS have anemia, similar to people with RA except more than 15% of red blood cells are sideroblast. A sideroblast is a red blood cell where the iron is in the cell shows up in a ring around the center of the cell where the genes are found, it’s called the nucleus. The white blood cells as well as the platelet cell counts are usually normal people who have been diagnosed with RARS have a low risk with developing

Rationale: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is not something that is common throughout my family, but since most of our medical conditions were commonalities with the rest of the United States population, I took a particular interest in this unusual condition. My paternal grandfather – a farmer and a military veteran – was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 1996 at the age of 72, which was his cause of death in 1999. Several years prior to this he was diagnosed with what was once referred to as “pre-leukemia”, or myelodysplastic syndrome. Being a somewhat uncommon condition, only about 13,000 new cases appear in the United States each year, and this number is growing as the overall age of the population increases (American Cancer Society, 2015). Fortunately, I was young enough to not notice his health slowly deteriorate, as quality of life generally does with cancerous conditions. However, in my lifetime I have had several friends’ family members die of cancer and I have seen its debilitating effects. It is important for me to understand the causes and effects of this condition, and to what extent familial as well as environmental factors have on developing the disease.

Myelodysplatic syndromes are a group of blood and bone marrow disorders. In MDS, the stem cells do not mature as expected, and the number of immature cells and abnormally developed cells increase, which then leads the healthy mature cells to decrease. So then that causes the bone marrow to not work well or stop working all together. Because of the decrease in the healthy cells, people with MDS often have anemia, a low red blood cell count or they may also have neutropenia, a low white blood cell count, and thrombocytopenia, a low platelet count. The chromosomes in the bone marrow cells may be abnormal, but sometimes the numbers of blood cells can be normal, while the blood and bone marrow cells are still abnormal. MDS is classified into several different subtypes, depending on blood cell counts, the percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, and the risk that

There are several ways to treat Myelodysplastic Syndromes. The plan of action of one’s treatment depends on the severity of the syndrome and age. Types of standard treatment are supportive care, drug therapy, and chemotherapy with stem cell transplant. Supportive care is used to reduce problems or side effects associated with the syndrome or its treatment. One supportive care option is blood transfusion. Transfusions can be specific to the type of cytopenias. For example, if a patient is experiencing anemia, a red blood cell transfusion is given. Platelet transfusions are given when a patient is bleeding easily, platelet count is low, or when the patient is having a procedure that may cause bleeding. Patients can also receive transfusions to

Causes: the NCI has no information or evidence of causes for this type of cancer.

At least 20 metaphases were analyzed whenever possible. Clonal abnormalities were defined as two or more cells with the same chromosomal gain or structural rearrangement or at least three cells with the same chromosome deletion. Karyotypes were recorded according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) 2013.14

Hematopoiesis is maintained by the renewal of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to lineage committed cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are controlled in in the bone marrow, where they reside in a quiescent state (Baker 2014). Hematopoietic transcription factors play a crucial role in the proliferation and commitment of hematopoietic stem cells and during the differentiation into their mature progeny. According to the stochastic model of hematopoiesis, long term hematopoietic stem cells that undergo extensive self-renewal begin to differentiate into short term hematopoietic stem cells with limited self-renewing potential (Baker 2014). Short term hematopoietic stem cells further differentiate into multipotent progenitors that

How does it affect the blood does this disorder have repercussion to the rest of the body?