Nicotine And Metabolism

This lab was about how a goldfish’s breathing rate changes in different temperatures in order to maintain homeostasis.

     In the world today, Nicotine is one of the most frequently used addictive drugs. The impact it has on society is like no other. It is one of more than 4,000 chemicals found in the smoke of tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. This addictive drug is the primary component in tobacco that acts on the brain.

At the conclusion of the experiment, the two hypotheses were reviewed. Because the water temperature did affect the normal respiration patterns of the goldfish, the null hypothesis was disregarded and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. From the results of this experiment, it was concluded that although other environmental factors could play

To determine the metabolic rate of a goldfish two different methods can be applied, direct or indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry analyzes the exothermic reaction when ATP is produced by measuring the amount of heat that is released. Meanwhile, indirect calorimetry measures the amount of carbon dioxide or oxygen because both are components of aerobic respiration, a process which repeatedly supplies more ATP to match the demands of metabolic rate of an organism. Evidently, metabolic rate is the cumulative sum of energy used by all the cells. Most of this energy comes from regulating homeostasis, locomotion and thermoregulation. On the other hand, ectotherms like goldfish have a slight difference in their metabolic rates because their internal temperature directly correlates with the temperature of their environment. For this reason, ectotherms use less energy because they do not need to worry about thermoregulation, maintaining constant body temperature. However, temperature, size, amount of light and stimulus are factors that can affect metabolism of goldfish. Thus, this experiment will measure the metabolic rate of goldfish through in

The purpose of this lab is to test what effect of Nicotine, Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Caffeine, and Ethanol on an organism’s heart rate.

The procedure for this experiment followed the steps as shown in the flow chart (Figure 1) and will be expanded upon here. The oxygen-measuring probe in the test chamber was first turned on and required 10 minutes to warm up. During this time, two empty containers had 200mL of fish water added to them and then each was weighed using a scale that was tared to zero before use. Two pairs of goldfish were then collected from the large tank #1 in the lab room using the fish net provided, and one pair was placed in each container. Then, the containers were reweighed separately and the original weights were subtracted from the new weights in order to determine each pair of goldfish’s weight. Two trials were conducted and in each trial, each goldfish pair was subjected to two conditions, first a control condition where no factors were introduced, followed by an experimental condition where they were exposed

Statistical analysis for the animal studies. Our selection of 10 animals per time point is based on the group variance observed in our preliminary studies employing diet models. For example, an n = 10 provides 95% power (alpha of 0.05) to detect differences in ALT values of at least 30 U/L between two means with a standard deviation of 10 (two-tailed t-test). For endpoints such as ALT values, caspase positive cells, etc., in different animal populations, parametric analysis will be performed. ANOVA will be employed given the presence of multiple groups, and a Bonferroni test will be used to correct for multiple comparisons. If the distribution of values is unsuitable for a parametric analysis, we will perform a Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric data. If the data show a strong trend towards significance (e.g., p < 0.1) with reproducible data except for a rare outlier, we can consider increasing the number of animals per group. The number added will be calculated using the mean and standard deviation (SD) from the existing data

The experiment was conducted by a number of individuals to see how the effects of a substance would have an effect on a Daphnia. The Daphnia’s were placed in multiple different substances environment to see the effect it would have on their heart rates. When doing the experiment the first step was to take the Daphnia and put it a Water solution to observe the heart rate of the Daphnia and record the heart rate. Recording of the heart rate were taken for when the Daphnia were in the Water solution that way they could compare with the next solution which was Caffeine.

Early in the semester, a question came up regarding the effect of pollutants on the rate of cellular respiration. Curious, an experiment was administered to find this effect. Yeast and water was added to eight culture tubes. Pollutants were added to six of the eight culture tubes and sugar was added to seven of the eight. At the end of observation, the data insisted that pollutants had a negative and sometimes inhibitive effect on the rate of cellular respiration.

In this lab I did an experiment to see the effect of Ethanol on Daphnia. The purpose of this lab was to see is there effect of Ethanol on Daphnia’s heart rate. I used Daphnia for this experiment because it a transparent crustaceans meaning we see its heart and other stuffs from outside. In the experiment first, I measured the number of heartbeats of Daphnia without any treatment for 10 seconds. I measured the heartbeats for three times for no treatment, the average heart rate was 22. Seconds I putted 15% of Ethanol on Daphnia and waited for 30 seconds then I measured the number of heartbeats of Daphnia for 10 seconds. I measured the heartbeats for three times and the average of heart rate was 15. At last I found out that Ethanol does affect

Table 1 (Figure 3) shows that the control is the lowest in heart rate, from there the heartbeat goes up when the daphnia are exposed to sugar. The difference between the control and the rest of the tests is very large. Although the data is very spread, the averages clearly show a significant difference between the results. The control group clearly showed that the heart rate of a daphnia magna is lower than the other two tests. The solution using the juice had more effect on the heart rate of a daphnia magna than a sugar solution and the control. The two sets of data that were taken with the daphnia exposed to the solutions were very close and shows that both have similar effects on the heart rate, they both increase the BPM of the daphnia

Although, one does is rarely lethal in humans, one dose could be fatal to the Daphnia as was found in this experiment. During the experiment, it was observed that some Daphnias’ hearts completely stopped due to the stress from human handling and the effects of the tobacco. When this happened, the Daphnia needed to be replaced and the initial heart needed to be retaken. This observation implies that the nicotine inside the tobacco plant may have similar effects on organisms that are the size of the Daphnia and are quite effective to deter such organisms from eating its

From these results it is impossible to determine the effect of nicotine on blood flow. No correlation can be found between our results and the results of the other groups. Many factors may have contributed to this incongruent data. Likely taking the fish out of its natural environment triggered its sympathetic response causing blood flow to

Every tobacco blends have one base kind, usually Virginia, Burley or Oriental one. These blends only makes up half of the cigarette, the rest is add in’s. One of the add in’s is made from a mixture of striped stems, which is tobacco dust swept from the factory’s floors. This mixture is then “beat up” like a tea bag, to form a solution called, the mother liquor. The mother liquor is a water based system, which allows the factory to add most of the chemicals, like diammonium phosphate and urea. Then the solution is laid on paper also known as recon. Recon will allow the absorption of nicotine in the body, and will equal 30% of the cigarettes content. When the smoker absorbs the nicotine it creates a free base nicotine, free base nicotine is similar

Nicotine, one of the most unusual psychoactive drugs known, and the primary pharmacological agent of addiction in cigarettes, triggers powerful physical and psychological reactions in species as diverse as cockroaches and humans.