Non Experimental Design

Have you ever came across a research study and wondered how researches conduct their research? How much time is required to complete a research? And how accurate the results are? In this paper we will be discussing one of many studies that researches utilize to study human’s behaviors which is called longitudinal design. We will discuss how a longitudinal research is carried, its advantages, and disadvantages. I will also be analyzing a research and try to find flaws that we could improve in order to receive accurate results.

The first is the informed consent and self determination on behalf of the participants of the research study. Participants must be willing to participate in the research and aware of of any benefits and costs. It is required that all participants are notified of the reasoning of the research, the risks within the conduction of the research and how collected data will be used. Usually plain statements will be given, in plain language that can be understood by the participants outlining what there involvement requires and the aims of the research. Following, participants will be required to sign a consent document outlining that they are aware of the details of the research and agree on

Burnout is a gradual onset with symptoms coming on over time slowly. Burnout symptoms may include physical exhaustion, hopelessness, negative self-concept, having difficulty leaving home, and inability to concentrate are just some of the symptoms. Due to the gradual onset of symptoms, it is often hard to detect early (Dass-Brailsford, 2007). In McCann and Pearlman’s article they discuss burnout as a, “psychological strain from working with difficult populations” (McCann & Pearlman, 1990).

Research design can be categorized into two sections including experimental and quasi-experimental research design ((Soy, 2015). In an experimental research design, the researcher needs to assign the subjects based on random selection. The subjects are assigned to particular groups for a different level of treatment. On the other hand, the quasi-experiment design suggests a process where the researcher avoids randomization, as the subjects are not selected randomly. The random assignment facilitates the researcher to control participant differences. On the contrary, it has a threat to internal validity of a particular research study (Kafle, 2013). Moreover, experimental research design does not guarantee regarding differences among participants. The researcher needs to maintain the differences while assuming a smaller sample size for the research analysis. In some cases, the researcher may match participants across control and treatment. With the involvement of experimental research design, the researcher treats each pair of participants as one virtual participant (Robson & McCartan, 2016).

All of the definitions of burnout mention the main factor of burnout to be stress. Pamela Patrick, in her book about Health Care Worker Burnout, defined burnout as “the feeling of emotional exhaustion, a negative attitude shift, and a sense of personal devaluation that occurs over time and in relation to high stress work environment”. Whiton Paine in his book on job stress and burnout used the concept of burnout stress syndrome, or BOSS, which is due to “high levels of job stress, personal frustration and inadequate coping skills”.

57). This exchange of information should be administered at a 5th grade comprehension level. The subject should be willing to participate in the study with no reward offered for participation. The informed consent process begins with participant selection and ends with a signed document of agreement.

The program will be evaluated using a Quasi-Experimental Design using equivalent groups in a Between Subjects Design. These groups will be created using the matching inclusion characteristics of being male, age 18 to 39, from a minimum security prison/jail, sentence under ten consecutive years, only arrested for property crimes, and with a high school diploma. This group has one of the highest recidivism rates while being less likely to age out of crimes. The chance of violence in this group of young men is less because they lack a violent history. The likelihood of anyone in this group suddenly becoming a violent threat towards classmates or staff is low.

Inform consent: the research project and the reason for it will be explained to the participants, then they will be provided with a form which will summarise what the research is about. in the consent form, they will have to fill in their names, date of the interview, their email address, telephone number where they can be contacted if there should be any reason to contact them back, they should sign an agreement for understanding the

Burnout out refers to a state of physical, emotional and psychological exhaustion that occurs due to prolonged engagement in work situations that are emotionally exacting (Maslach et al. 2001, Schufeli & Greenglass 2001, Schaufeli Et al. 2009). It is characterized by three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach 1976). Of the three dimensions, emotional exhaustion is recognized as being most central to understanding burnout from one’s work (Maslach et al. 2001, Cox et al. 2005). Emotional burnout was the focus of this

In this research I will conduct a non-experimental design with cross sectional collection of data. I will conduct research on the influencing factors that can bring on or increase the presence of delinquency in adolescents. There could be several factors contributing to delinquency however, I narrowed it down to childhood mistreatment, neighborhood shortcomings and lack of monitoring in adolescents. I focused on a non-experimental design because I am not trying to control or manipulate or alter certain variables or subjects to come to a conclusion. I want to examine the different factors that have presented themselves within each participant’s life and compare that to the theories of delinquent behavior.

Second, on www.mindtools.com I found two sections that were an interest to me which were burnout and anger. Our textbook briefly discussed these topics on page 60-61. Burnout https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTCS_08.htm there is a self-test to take there as well. Noteworthy, the article after the test points out way to avoid and recover from burnout and strongly stands behind the “PERMA Model, Bringing Well-Being and Happiness to Your Life” the five essentials are Positive Emotion (P), Engagement (E), Positive Relationships (R), Meaning (M), and Accomplishment/Achievement (A). The anger self-test made me happier than my stress test because I scored a 70, which meant that I done well and that I have a good understanding and developed anger management strategies the anger test is on https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTCS_88.htm

We as professionals have two types of instruments to help assess burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Emotional Exhaustion Scales are two tests from the first type which assist with determining the degree of burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measures the three symptom patterns associated with burnout. Golembiewski, Munzenrider and Stevenson (2005) used the Maslach Inventory to develop a progressive phase model of burnout. The model sees depersonalization as the least potent and initial burnout phase. They see any substantial reduction in feelings of personal accomplishment as a secondary phase. Emotional exhaustion is the third phase and the most potent indicator of burnout. (James, pg. 490-91)

In 1987, Christina Maslach along with Susan Jackson expanded the definition, describing burnout as emotional depletion, deprofessionalization, and reduction of personal competence. Maslach and Jackson designed a multidimensional model of burnout that went into further detail of these three main components: emotional exhaustion, the depletion of mental energy involved in professional obligation; depersonalization, the development of negative attitudes, emotional numbness, apathy, and cynicism toward the client; reduced personal accomplishment, the diminution of self-esteem and ambition. Whiton Stewart Paine asserted that the factors underlying burnout also include the worker’s personality traits, environmental factors, and various organizational and social conditions.

Prior to the date of the interview, a letter explaining the purpose of the research was sent to all the identified potential respondents. On the day of the survey, respondents were requested to fill consents forms to indicate whether they agree to the survey. For respondents that were below 18 years, their parents were asked to fill consent forms indicating their consent to allow their children participate in the exercise. On a separate form, they were asked to fill their personal data

The major instrument for data gathering will be a self-constructed questionnaire with a semi structured interview. The researcher will approach the sample of study and administer the questionnaire after explaining the importance of the research and the need for them to respond truthfully. This will greatly help to reduce the error that may arise therefrom. The administered questionnaire will be retrieved immediately to prevent loss. The respondents would be given proper direction on how to fill the questionnaire to minimize the loss and error that may likely arise from poor administration of questionnaire.