Nucleophile And Aldol

Grignard reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grignard reagent are usually added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of unreactive ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol.

Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react.

The synthesis of acetaminophen involves the attraction of the electrophilic carbonyl group of acetic anhydride to the nucleophilic NH2

The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First the Potassium hydroxide attacks a carbonyl, which forms a tetahedral intermediate which then collapses when attacked by another hydroxide. The carbonyl is formed again when its hydride attacks another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

When the two smaller reactants join together, water is produced and removed during the synthesis of the larger molecule. This is also called Dehydration Synthesis.

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

The formation of the carbocation intermediate is followed by removal of a hydrogen that is taken up by a water molecule in the mixture, and this leads to the production of a hydronium (H3O+) ion.2 Carbocations are more stable when they are more substituted; therefore, tertiary carbocations are most stable. The last step of the reaction creates an alkene. When an alcohol is dehydrated through an E1 reaction, two alkene molecules are created. The slow step of this E1 reaction is the removal of the OH- group, which is known as the leaving group. Since the unimolecular rate-determining step is the slow step, this makes the reaction an E1 mechanism.1 The elimination of the alcohol leads to the production of

The purpose of this experiment was to perform a nucleophilic substitution reaction to construct a biologically active compound from two simple parts and then to recrystallize the product collected, which is a purification technique that purifies solids based on differences in solubility. In order to accomplish this, other techniques such as heating at reflux, and suction filtration were used. Heating at reflux is a technique used in lab that allows a solution to be heated for a certain amount of time once it begins boiling. Suction filtration is a separation technique that is combined with a water aspirator and was used to collect the product from this experiment, which was 2-methylphenooxyacetic acid.

A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution or SN1 is a two-step reaction that occurs with a first order reaction. The rate-limiting step, which is the first step, forms a carbocation. This would be the slowest step in the mechanism. The addition of the nucleophile speeds up the reaction and stabilizes the carbocation. This reaction is more favorable with tertiary and sometimes secondary alkyl halides under strong basic or acidic conditions with secondary or tertiary alcohols. In this experiment, the t-butyl halide underwent an SN1 reaction. Nucleophiles do not necessarily effect the reaction because the nucleophile is considered zero order, (which makes it a first order reaction.) The ion that should have the strongest effect in an SN1 reaction is the bromide ion. The bromide ion should be stronger because it has a lower electronegativity than chloride as well as a smaller radius.

In this preparative lab, an aldol (trans-p-anisalacetophenone) was produced from the reaction between p-anisaldehyde and acetophenone with the presence sodium hydroxide. The reaction also showed the importance of an enolate and the role it played in the mechanism. Sodium hydroxide acts as a catalyst in this experiment and is chosen because of its basic conditions and pH. The acetophenone carries an alpha hydrogen that has a pKa between 18 and 20. This alpha hydrogen is acidic because of its location near the carbonyl on acetophenone. When the sodium hydroxide is added, it deprotonates the hydrogen and creates an enolate ion. This deprotonation creates a nucleophilic carbon that can attack an electrophilic carbon (like a parent

The Diels-Alder reaction is a nucleophilic and electrophilic reaction; the diene is electron rich in nature while dienophile is electron poor.

The bromide ion is the better nucleophile than the chloride ion because of its larger size and since it is a weaker base. The chloride ion is more electronegative than bromide ion, so it tends to hold electrons in closerE. Since the bromide ion is less electronegative and has more electrons, it is able to share unpaired electrons easier than the chloride ion. In the case of this laboratory experiment, bromide was the better nucleophile in the protic solvent containing hydrogen bonded to oxygen of 1-butanol and 2-methyl-2-butanol as the protic solvent molecules formed strong ion-dipole interactions with the negative-charged nucleophile of the bromide ion, which created a solvent barrier around the nucleophileG. For the electrophile to be attacked

Enzymes are central to every biochemical process. Due to their high specificity they are capable of catalyzing hundreds of reactions that signifies their vast practical importance.

Aldosterone is the steroid hormone produced from the outer section (cortex) of the adrenal glands; it regulates sodium, potassium and water intake. The adrenal glands are a vital organ; they sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones such as DHEA, DHEA-S, corticosteroids, and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). Aldosterone regulates blood pressure in that it can increase the sodium level in the blood stream (or potassium in the urine) which is then reabsorbed with water, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. Excess aldosterone (hyperaldosterone) can lead to high blood pressure and an abnormal increase in blood pressure whereas lack of aldosterone can lead to 2 conditions: Addison’s disease, general loss in adrenal function and mutations

The oxidation reaction occurs as a two-step reaction. The first step involves the formation of chromate esters and the second step is an elimination reaction that will produce the carbonyl group necessary to make either a ketone or an aldehydes. The reaction is hallmarked by the breaking of a C-H bond and the formation of a C-O bond (James, 2014). Specifically when oxidizing alcohols, it is important to note that primary alcohols can be converted to aldehydes as well as completely to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols are converted to ketones and no further, and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized. The oxidizing agent removes the hydrogen from the –OH group and the hydrogen from the C-H group attached to the –OH group in a compound. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized because they lack the C-H bond that is present in both the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols (Clark, 2003).