One-Time Telephone Intervention

The initial phase of the self-directed intervention consisted of baseline measurement of smoking behaviour. Baseline data was collected for a period of 7 weeks and a functional assessment was completed during this time. Upon starting the intervention phase, the final target behaviour of smoking cessation was broken down into smaller, short-term objectives lasting 2 weeks each.

This study by Naughton et al. (2014) was conducted to identify the effectiveness of the iQuit program, a self-help program supported by text messaging, as an adjunct to smoking cessation education offered in the primary care setting. The authors report smoking cessation offered in the primary care setting varies widely but research showed the added option of a self-help program for patients produces a cessation rate of as much as twice the rate of those patients who were given only in- office education (Naughton et al.).

This web site is operated by Moores University California San Diego (UCSD) Cancer Center under the direction of Shu-Hong Zhu, PhD, Professor of Family and Preventive Medicine. It is called California Smokers' Helpline. Members of this center have been trained professionally about caring and helping smokers quit. Most of them have a bachelor’s degree or higher. The center has counselors that can speak fluently in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese – six languages spoken commonly in California – for helping services. These services are supported by California Department of Public Health, First 5 California, Center for Disease

Quitting rates of participants who are unwilling to stop smoking at all using electronic cigarettes shows how much of an effective cessation method they are. For nicotine replacement therapy to work, smokers would have to volunteer to quit and seek help, while with electronic cigarettes cessation just happens.

2. What data and method does the author use to evaluate this intervention? Why was that data and method used?

8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer.

In the study, 787 smokers in Massachusetts were tracked after they quit smoking for five years. During that time, they answered three surveys about their smoking use. With each survey, an

And results from previous studies indicate that different groups of smokers would have different outcomes in health, and health disparities in smoking cessation exist among smokers currently. Researchers investigate these disparities by race, gender, socioeconomic status, insurance status and so on. Racial/ethnic health disparities is one of the major disparities that researchers found. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to quit smoking successfully. 1-3. In particular, smokers who are African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos are less likely to be provided advices about smoking cessation by health care providers than non-Hispanic Whites,1 and Hispanic/Latino smokers face more barriers when they attempt to quit smoking.2 Barriers to quitting smoking not only decrease the success rate of smoking cessation for smokers, but it also aggravate disparities among smokers. Undoubtedly, smoking cessation services and advices that provided by health care providers help smokers to quit smoking more successful compared with smokers who rely smoking cessation on themselves. And lack of advice from health care providers increase the failure rate of smoking

Smoking is still a pressing issue for Americans, despite efforts to regulate and lessen tobacco use. One in every five Americans still regularly smokes a cigarette, and those who attempt to quit aren’t utilizing all the assistance resources available to them. With these treatments being more prominent now than ever before, there is evidence that supports the effects of a quitter using aid compared to one who does not. Providing brief interventions about tobacco cessation may encourage more quit attempts and use of appropriate treatments, such as a quit-lines or medication. Despite many efforts, healthcare providers are still failing to provide brief interventions to patients, which therefore exposes flaws in a healthcare-based strategy to drive

This study also showed that other factors like socioeconomic status and level of nicotine addiction affect quitting success.[59] In a similar basis, Brose et al. (2015), examined the impact of e-cigarette use while smoking on smoking cessation, reduction and attempts to quit. They concluded that the participants who used e-cigarettes daily at baseline reported more attempts to quit and daily use at follow-up was connected to reduced conventional cigarette use, while no daily use had no effects. However, daily use was not associated with smoking cessation.[60] Biener and Hargraves (2014), used data from a longitudinal study in two metropolitan areas in US and they tested e-cigarette use association with motivation to quit and smoking cessation. They also concluded that only intensive users (daily e-cigarette use for at least 1 month) were more likely to quit compared with intermittent or no users.[61]

In the U.S., only 20% of those at or above the poverty level smoke, compared with 30% of those below the poverty level (Hiscock, Bauld, Fidler, and Munafo, 2012). Teenage girls of families with lower SES are more likely to smoke (Hiscock et al, 2012). In addition, those with low SES are less likely to quit smoking successfully and may be less likely to intend or attempt to quit (Reid, Hammond, Boudreau, Fong, and Siahpush, 2010). Reid and coauthors surveyed over16,000 smokers in the US, UK, Canada and the United Kingdom and found that those with higher education were more likely to say they intend to quit smoking, attempt to quit and to be abstinent for between one and six months. Higher income was also associated with stated intention to quit and abstinence of at least one month (Reid et al, 2010). In addition, those with low SES

This study was limited due to the small sample size. Although the conclusions are valid, more research with a

An estimated 36.5 million or 15.1 % of adults aged 18 years old and older currently smoke cigarettes and more than 16,000,000 have smoking or live with diseases that are related to smoking. According to US department of health and human services, over the past five decades, there is a significant decline in cigarette smoking in the U.S. The progress has slowed in recent years and the prevalence of use of other tobacco products such as vapes, e-cigars and smokeless tobacco

One major advantage of tobacco cessation counseling can be described as a “…good evidences that quitting smoking at any age results in significant health gains” (Census and Statistics Department, 2000; Skaar et al, 1997; Abdullah & Husten, 2006, p. 461). As Lightwood and Glantz (1997), Lightwood (1999), and Shields (2002) referred the only known way to reduce cancer risk in smokers is to complete cessation, which results in a 35% lower risk death due to tobacco related illness and a 64% reduced risk of tobacco related cancer (Anczak & Nogler, 2003). Due to the global tobacco control and systematic surveillance, this epidemic also links the states and community resources, integrated with guidelines and help to compile data. Smoking cessation

In the United States, great efforts have been made to reduce morbidity and mortality from tobacco use, but progress in decreasing the prevalence of tobacco use has slowed. Annually, tobacco use results in nearly 500,000 deaths, and is one of the primary causes of avoidable morbidity and mortality in society.1 Healthcare professionals such as physicians can make a positive impact on the rates of tobacco use cessation among patient smokers by using proper counseling.2 Physicians have been trained to make such interventions during scheduled appointment with patients by using the 5 A’s approach, which involves asking patients about tobacco use during each visit, advising those who use tobacco to quit, assessing readiness to quit, assisting