Ontology: The Philosophy Of Epistemology And Objective Ontological Theory

The two readings I will be discussing are: the five ways and the “ontological” argument. In the five ways, St. Thomas explains the five ways in which God’s existence can be proven. His first justification is motion. Since nothing is able to move itself and the process of movement cannot go on indefinitely, the first mover must be God. The second explanation is the nature of efficient causality. There is always a first efficient cause, which is God. The reason for this is because without a first efficient cause, there would not be a middle or last cause. In the third explanation, possibility and necessity, God does not receive his existence from another being, but instead he causes them. This is because “it is impossible for such things always

“Culture comprises traditional ideas and related values, and it is the product of actions” (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952); “it is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next (Linton, 1945); and it organizes life and helps interpret existence” (Gordon, 1964).

As mentioned the author attempted to accomplish the above goal through a field study where the management control systems on a restaurant chain was assessed. That being said in order to determine if the motivation of the article was achieved is to analyze the

In any organization that is efficient and productive in organizational effectiveness, there are methods for exerting control in an organizational setting. A few examples of effective methods for exerting control in an organizational setting in a law enforcement organization are strategic control, management control, and operational control. Firstly, strategic control is an evaluation process of the organization in order to measure the effectiveness of the procedure, policy or practice (Giacomazzi, Andrew L., Brody, David C., 2004). This method must be used in both instances such as prior to an implementation taking effect and after the method has been implemented within adequate allotted time to show positive research of effectiveness and productivity or not (Giacomazzi, Andrew L., Brody, David C., 2004). The research must show research conducted in a qualitative and quantitative method for effective accuracy. Secondly, management control simply focuses on the valued productivity and effectiveness of procedures in place. Management uses this effective method to ensure whether or not organizational effectiveness is in place throughout a law enforcement organization. Lastly, operational control focuses directly on the performance of the team or organizational group of a

Internal control is one of the integral parts of an organization. It is a system which controls different types of risks,

Maxwell (2005) also notes that qualitative research can be used to address various issues and is not restricted to one ontological stance. The method also involves developing a relationship with the people one is studying, an aspect that is important in defining the authenticity of the data and determining the course of action.

Internal controls are vital to any company’s business and financial sustainability. Internal controls consist of measures taken by a company safeguarding against fraud, and theft. Internal controls ensure accuracy and reliability in accounting data, and secure policies within the organization. Further, internal controls evaluate all levels of performance. These are addressed with five principles

The epistemology and ontology together guide the researcher towards the type of research they will conduct, and in turn determine the type of methodology and methods of the research (Carter & Little, 2007).

The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. "Ontological" literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s "Proslogion" which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence of God but to moreover, to show the relationship between faith and reason. Anselm wanted to understand the object of the belief. He is also not trying to defend his belief against the atheist and neither is he trying to convince the atheist that God

The Ontological Argument was first thought up by St. Anselm of Canterbury stating that God is an existing being and no other existing being is greater, proving that God does existed. There is no physical proof, you just have to ask yourself and think about it, however, just because some things are possible does not make it true. This lead questioning to Anselm’s reasoning, if a pink gorilla is possible but does not truly exist in reality, how can God be possible and exist in reality? Lemma, smaller proof conducted in a larger proof, is a type of proof in Reductio ad Absurdum, proving that the conclusion of something is true due to proving the opposite is not. Stating that, to be God in all reality, and certain being must exist and be perfect

Director Levitsky, I posit to you that we should restructure the epistemological foundations of U.S. counter-terrorism policy as it pertains to Salafi jihadism specifically, and Islamic terrorism broadly. I believe that we must fundamentally change our understanding what Islamic terror is if we are to have any hope of effectively opposing it. Current institutional dialectics and policy focus on the political and strategic aspirations of terrorist groups, as well as the tactical methods they employ to accomplish their goals. I suggest to you that existing counter terrorism polices are pursuing superficial material aims. We are attempting to destroy terrorist groups, institutions, and individuals. However the material structures of terrorism

An effective system of internal control limits the probability that fraud will take place. Within an effective system on internal control an organization will safeguard their assets, encourage employees to follow company policy, promote operational efficiency, strive towards the most accurate and reliable accounting records, and complies with all legal requirements. Internal controls not only helps to eliminate fraud but also waste and inefficiency.

Research paradigms are ‘the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by members of a given community’ (Kuhn, 1970, p.175). The three most common paradigms are positivism, constructivism or interpretivism and pragmatism. Each of these can be categorised further by examining their: ontology, epistemology and methodology. Fundamentally, ontology is the nature of reality, epistemology describes the relationship the investigator has with their version of reality, and methodology is the various techniques and tools used to analysis their research.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a case study related to issue of control and how organizations can utilize different approaches of control in order to improve quality and performance in all arenas, domestic and global. The focus of this case revolves around Lincoln Electric, an Ohio based company that has set the bar for how to develop and implement a successful management system. This paper will use the Lincoln Electric case analysis to present recommendations on how managers can use control methods to enhance employee performance, increase employee participation and empowerment, and improve organizational quality in

The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any research, post-positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research sets out a research project, it is their goal to find evidence that can either agree or disagree with the hypothesis or theories. Post positivism, compared to positivism allows more interaction with the participants of the research project and seeks to highlight the relationship between universal properties between the variables. The best way to understand post positivism is by comparing it to positivism and the interpretive paradigm. Compared to positivism, post positivism is more tolerant for value-based information, however is not focused on qualitative information like the interpretive paradigm, instead the research is mainly focused on quantitative data.