This paper addresses the question: can unnatural amino acids be successfully incorporated into the mouse genome in a temporally and spatially specific manner? Han and his associates claim that (1) they have developed a system for incorporation of unnatural amino acid incorporation, (2) the acetylation they induce is spatially and temporally specific, and (3) that this technology will allow researchers to develop better in vivo studies of how cellular proteins affect physiology and disease. In this review, I will contest all three claims. Specifically, I will show that claims 1 and 2 are only qualitatively true: there is no proof that these things happen on a quantitative scale which is relevant for modeling disease, and that there are …show more content…
The work minimally advances the field. Briefly, it shows that unnatural amino acid incorporation is possible in mice. However, it does not do this in a model system which is interesting to study. The introduction mildly alludes to the fact that aberrant or unconventional amino acid acetylation can lead to cancer, but there is no follow up to see if the epigenetic changes which they induce are prevalent enough to cause a change in phenotype. If the purpose of this technology is to model diseases related to epigenetic changes and to see how we might counteract these changes, then that should be part of the proof-of-concept work included in the article. To demonstrate the feasibility of unnatural amino acid incorporation in a mammalian system, the researchers first perform work in cultured cells. Basically, they inserted a vector with the modified tRNA synthetase into first human (HEK293T) cells, and then mouse cells (NIH3T3). The expression of the plasmid vector is dependent on human elongation factor 1, an endogenous protein. Another vector was transformed into the cells containing the sequence for a recombinant GFP protein with the unnatural, acetylated amino acid at position 39. The GFPuv, as it’s called, will only be expressed if the tRNA synthetase recognizes the amber codon (codon which usually causes a stop in transcription) in the protein and appropriately adds
Christianity assumes that our human nature is fundamentally and thoroughly flawed by sin, to the point where a divine miracle of grace is needed to allow us to trust Christ as Savior. Most people in Western cultures, however, do not consider themselves to be sinners and therefore feel no need for a Savior. Comment on this in the light of the detailed accounting rules and regulations intended to prevent investors from being defrauded, and the multi-billion dollar worldwide auditing profession that is intended to add credibility to financial statements.
This paper goes over the effects the media had on the O.J. Simpson case and how the media interfered. The O.J. Simpson murder case is touted as the most televised criminal trial in history and from the second the murders were discovered there was a media frenzy. On the night of June 12, 1994 the bodies of Nicole Brown and her waiter Ronald Goldman were found outside of Nicole’s condo both stabbed to death. The suspect, former athlete, icon, and actor Orenthal James (O.J.) Simpson was the main suspect of the crime. On June 16th, 1994 the LAPD pressed murder charges against him and placed a warrant for his arrest
High-cost users (HCUs) consume 5% of healthcare services (Rais, et al, 2013). The majority of the services they tend to consume are financed by both public and private sectors. However, due to the high-cost utilization of health care services, consumers need the appropriate funding of health care services to decrease the amount of high-cost consumers. Since the funding of services is public and private mix, studies have looked at the need for adequate funding of health care services to solve the health care system problems. Therefore, this paper will look at the high-cost users of health care by looking at the high-cost expenditures on mental illness, elderly residential and long-term care, and pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, this paper
This observations will present an in service core curriculum re-evaluating an argument on the procedure by which an investigative permit is required and released that gives emphasis to the Fourth Amendment needs. Also, the definition of probable cause and its principles in which it is assembled will be discussed. There are two kinds of investigation that do not necessitate a warrant which will also be enclosed in this paper as well as concentrating on a small number of enquiry such as What the underlying principle is for consenting to warrantless investigation, and if these rationale are influential, and whether or not all
Preventative efforts to reduce stress ulcer development include pharmacological agents such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) (Kersh et al, 2017). The continued use of SUP, such as PPIs, may increase the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) by suppressing gastric acid of bacteriostatic effect (Ro et al, 2016). Because of widespread prophylactic use of pharmacologic agents and the development of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), healthcare costs have increased by $14,000 per patient (Barletta & Sclar, 2013). Although some evidence suggested that SUP should be implemented for those at increased risk for stress ulcers, it is unclear to whether or not
Since 2015, the American Association Colleges of Nursing (AACN) has promoted doctorate level graduate training for advance practice nurses. [1] The AACN’s Position Statement on the Practice Doctorate in Nursing calls for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) to pursue training that enables them to assume organizational roles encompassing increased clinical responsibilities. As the nation’s complex health care environment evolves, APRNs are practicing to the full extent of their capabilities.
By using a set of techniques that change specific amino acids encoded by a cloned gene, proteins with properties that are better suited than those of naturally occurring counterparts can be created by therapeutic and industrial application. Theoretically, these changes can be made out either the protein or the gene level. However, chemical modifications of proteins are generally harsh, nonspecific, and required repeatedly for each batch of proteins, so it is preferable to manipulate the DNA sequence of a cloned gene to create an altered protein with novel properties.
5812). Since Alu elements are typically viewed as the cause of human mutations, they will have to be used as the testing tool (Yang et al. 5812). The DNA sequence from the mouse cells will be isolated so that it could be cloned into the bacteriophage (Sherif and Broome 124). Using the transposon tagging framework, which implies tagging the genes that do not coincide with the regular process of gene expression, one will be able to detect the presence of the human cellular oncogene in the fibroblasts developed by the mice (Zhang et al. 3134). The hybridization of a phage and the Alu probe will point to the presence of the human mutagen in the cell (Yang et al.
Genetic engineering is direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic makeup by transferring certain traits or genes from one organism to another. It can be used to learn more about the disease, detect earlier, or treat disease. One way genetic engineering is being used is by introducing a gene mutation into mice to reproduce the same pathological mechanisms that is found in humans. Scientists focused their efforts towards creating a mutation- targeted treatment, and to decrease or prevent the production of
The aim of this research is to determine whether the use of transgenic organisms is essential to the advancement of therapeutic medicine.
Unnatural peptides define as the chemical process to peptides consisting of different unnatural amino acids.1,2 Unnatural peptides consist of two carbon atoms between the carboxylate group and the amino group comparing to natural peptides, which consist of one carbon atom between the carboxylate group and the amino group.1,3 There are many kinds of unnatural amino acids such as β-peptides (β3 and β2), Homo-amino acids, Proline and Pyruvic acid derivatives and N-methyl amino acids.1,4 The β-peptides are more popular than another kind.3 Because they are more stable. In addition, they show high selectivity.3,5 The β-peptides have at least five helices structures such as 12-helix, 14-helix, 12/10-helix, 10-helix and 8-helix.3 The 12-helix, 14-helix
The chemical genetics approach uses small molecules to perturb a biological system. In a “forward” chemical genetics approach, a biological system is exposed to a collection, or “library,” of assorted molecules, to screen for compound(s) that generate a phenotype of interest1. The intracellular targets of these small molecules can be identified and their functionalities can be interrogated to discover the biological mechanisms through which they exert their influence1. Alternatively, a “reverse” genetics approach involves using specific molecules
Site-directed mutagenesis is a method used to construct amino acid changes in a protein in order to test the function of a specific amino acid. It is the way to study protein structure and function change the amino acid sequence of a protein by altering the DNA sequence of cloned gene4. A particular amino acid is very important in catalytic activity, ligand binding, protein folding or other function. Amino acid residue significance is tested by making conservative substitutions or by changing the amino acid to either alanine or glycine. Site-directed mutagenesis is also used to construct compensatory mutations, which are used to show the importance of specific interactions by making changes in both interacting partners. Each change individual destroy the interaction and combination of changes restores the interaction. These type of experiments are typically between two protein or between protein and nucleic acid. Used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the interaction between hPol k and DNA1.
Sustainability is regarded as a goal of any business. The accounting framework, to support sustainability goal is called as the triple bottom line (TBL).It focus on performance of an organization with the interrelated dimensions of profits, people and the planet.