Pathology Of Hpv And Hpv Antiviral Development

Its locus is particularly amplified in these noted tumours leading to the progression of these cancers, it can be suppressed by p53 (tumour/ proliferation suppressor) which represses the EZH2 promoter, resulting inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion (Bracken, 2003; Xiao, 2011).

For the reasons described herein, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics (“LM Aero”) declines your request to enter into pre-litigation mediation in the above-referenced matter.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the cell-surface receptor for extracellular protein ligands. EGFR family has four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu, Her 3 and Her 4. Mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could lead to cancer.

Oncogenes were discovered in the 1960s, when it was discovered that some animal cancers such as lymphomas were caused by viruses. Some of these viruses were notable due to the simplicity of their RNA genome. These viruses only had three distinct transcription units, involved in the replication of the virus (coat proteins and reverse transcriptase etc.), and an extra gene. This was an oncogene. When oncogenes are properly functioning they are termed proto-oncogenes (Todd R, 1999). Their normal function is to control cell proliferation. These function in growth signalling pathways, and conversely to tumour suppressing cells are activated through a gain in function rather than a loss of it. This occurs in two ways, by producing more of a product, or producing a subtly different product, as a result of a mutation similar to tumour suppressor genes (Croce, 2008). Oncogenes play a particularly strong role in the development of breast cancers. Often the normal ERBB2 and other related genes are amplified in late stage neuroblastomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. ERBB2 encodes HER2 which is a member of the epidermal growth factor

The popular Disney film, Beauty and the Beast, the beloved character, Beast, seems to have the characteristics of depression, and learned helplessness. Martin Seligman began an experiment of shocking dogs in 1956. His study involved evaluating the reaction to a dog being allowed to escape during being shocked. Some of these animals were classically conditioned to associate the ringing of a bell to a shock given. Within the next few experiments, the dogs would either run away at the sound of a bell or show a fear related behavior. For some of the dogs used in the experiment, although get could escape the enclosure from a shock, they didn't, they just sat there and took the pain; Seligman explained this as being “Learned Helplessness”.

Haller et al. (2010), have just defined the connection between p16 overexpression in the cytoplasm and p16 downregulation in the nucleus, with bad prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (24). Intriguingly, p16 downregulation in the nucleus was connected with E2F overexpression. On the other hand, p16 overexpression in the cytoplasm did not show any link with expression of E2F. These outcomes help support the proposition that p16 has various jobs in distinctive subcellular locations. It also supports the idea that nuclear p16 helps regulate control of the cell cycle. Remarkably, other regulators of the cell cycle typically found in the nucleus have been seen to be translocated to the cytoplasm in various tumors, like PTEN or p27. Both of these proteins have the capability to carry out distinctive activities from other subcellular locations (58).

These data suggest that E can impair EAAC1 protein expression and its surface presentation reflecting reduced Cys transport by this system.

The RB protein is inactivated by interaction with the high-risk HPV oncoprotein E7 (Refs. 131, 132), and oncoprotein E6 induces degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. RB inactivation releases p16INK4a from its negative feedback control, causing a paradoxical increase in the levels of this protein, which attempts to inhibit uncontrolled cellular replication. As a consequence, p16INK4a is overexpressed in HPV-expressing tumors such as cervical cancer and head and neck tumors (Refs. 133-135; Table 1).

HPV is Human Papillomavirus which is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the second most fatal STD in America (the first being HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

Cervical cancer is formed in the tissues of the cervix, an organ that connects the uterus and the vagina. Virtually all cervical cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (Schiffman et. al., 2007). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. According to the CDC, 75% of sexually active people aged 15-49 have the infection at some point in their lives. (CDC). Because HPV infection is usually asymptomatic, infected people do not know exactly when they get the infection. In most cases, the body is able to fight off the virus before any symptom. However, health problems such as genital warts and cancer may

Both early genes E6 and E7 are responsible for the progression of cervical cancer oncogenesis [2][4]. These two genes have many different actions but discovered first was the interaction that E6 had with p53 and how E7 interacts with RB, both genes will initially alter host metabolism to favor abnormal cell development [4][7]. By degrading host p53, the host cell can no longer initiate apoptosis upon infection [7]. P53 and RB have crucial roles in the cell maintainence of the cell cycle specifically at the (G1/S-phase checkpoint) [7]. Explain their role and importance in cell processes.

Causative Organism(s): Human papillomavirus known as HPV is a Papovavirus that is transmitted sexually. It is in fact one of the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, it comes in hundred different forms and affects the body in different ways. Some forms of it can cause warts while others may cause cervical changes that may lead to cancer (4). HPV can infect both man and woman but only causes cancer in females. Although HPV seems to have a more severe effect on women than men it still places both in danger. Men can unknowingly be carriers of the virus that can affect the woman severely, therefore both men and women have to take responsibility to decrease the spread of HPV (5). HPV is a small unenveloped virus with

Almost all sexually active people will get human Papillomavirus ( HPV) at some point in their life. Papillomavirus is a viral infection that is contracted via skin contact. Papillomavirus has multiple strains that can affect the genital area, skin, cervix, anus, mouth and throat. The degree of virulence of HPV depends on the on the strain that the person is infected with. Once a person has Papillomavirus there is no cure. However there is vaccines for preventive measures of certain strains.

The Human Papillomavirus known as HPV is a very common virus. There are more than 100 different types of HPV and some affect the genital area. The virus is transmitted by skin to skin contact and by sexual intercourse. A lot of us, women especially will be infected with the virus at some point in our lives. The education that it is out there is to create more preventive measures the more we are inform about the virus the more we will be aware of what it can do. There is very little knowledge about how it can be prevented. Knowing that we are all exposed to the virus women and men we have to educate ourselves about what HPV can cause, how to reduce the risk of getting HPV, and how HPV affects the male population.

Democracy that means the rule of people has been used as a political system since Ancient Greece. Even though its concept has changed as time goes by, it is still regarded as one of the best political systems and used in many countries. Unfortunately, most Asian countries did not use this political system until the middle of the 20th century, so they have a very short history compared with western countries. Because of that, Asia has had some troubles. For example, Park and Shin (2006) said that many countries have had military dictatorship which is a common government for a developing country. A developing country, above all, might want to develop their economy, so they endure dictatorship because the dictator can make a decision easily and quickly (Park, C. D. & Shin, D., 2006). It also happened in South Korea 50 years ago. In spite of military dictatorship in the past, South Korea has the most successfully established democracy in Asia (Whitehead, L., 2002).