Pathophysiologic Model

The hearts mass and volume increases and cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy. It is the left ventricle that adapts to the greatest extent. As well as the chamber size increasing as a result of endurance training. A person’s stroke volume will also increase as an increase in blood plasma and blood volume occur and reduced heart rate which increases the diastolic filling time. This increased filling on the left ventricle increases its elastic recoil thus producing a more forceful contraction. So not only is the heart filled with more blood to eject, it expels a greater percentage of the end-diastolic volume. A persons venous return increases due to the higher cardiac output. Capillarisation occurs. This is the increased amount of capillaries over the muscles which mean more blood flows which will give you more oxygen, and nutrients so you will be able to participate in the exercise longer. There will be more capillaries present so the quicker the oxygen will get to the muscles. A decrease in the persons resting heart rate means they are able to recover quicker after an activity. Arterial walls will become more elastic which allows greater tolerance of

Define the bolded medical diagnosis and briefly outline the Pathophysiology of each. Include in your answer why your patient should not elevate their legs.

The pathophysiology of hypertension (HTN) is best explained clearly if you have an understanding of how blood pressure (BP) works in the body. BP is seen as the function of both cardiac output (CO) in the human system and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Cardiac output (CO) is made up of both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). SV in turn depends on contractility and preload of the system. SVR relies on contractility and afterload. There is literature that supports molecular and cellular levels relating to effects on blood pressure in terms of genetic make-up. Changes in any of these processes have the ability to alter CO or SVR, causing BP alteration and HTN.

Heart failure can be attributed to either right sided, left or both. Left-sided heart failure is of two types, systolic failure and diastolic failure. Systolic failure is the when the left ventricle loses its ability to contract normally. The heart cannot pump with enough force to push enough blood into circulation. Diastolic failure is when the left ventricle loses its ability to relax normally. Which results in the heart not being able to fill with blood during the resting period. Both result in a decrease in cardiac output. (AHA, 2012). A decrease in the cardiac output into the systemic circulation causes blood to accumulate in the left ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary circulation. This increase

Left sided heart failure occurs as a result of ineffective left ventricular contractile function. As the pumping ability of the left ventricle fails, cardiac output falls. Blood is no longer effectively pumped out into the body; it backs up into the left atrium and the into the lungs, causing pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance. If the condition persists, pulmonary edema and right

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a weakness of the heart that has an insufficient circulation of blood throughout the body, which leads to the build-up of fluid in the lungs and edema in the surrounding tissues of the body. “As the intravascular pressure increases along with the amount of extravascular liquid, the lungs become less compliant and less permeable to oxygen, leading to respiratory discomfort (dyspnea), hypoxemia and tachypnea” (Garcia and Wright, 2010). As the condition deteriorates, the capacity of the interstitial space is exceeded, the fluid floods the alveoli and airways resulting in full blown CPE, an acute respiratory distress and a major medical emergency in heart failure patients” (Guyton 1991). There are two types of

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic dysfunction of the heart’s ability to effectively pump blood throughout the body. Left-sided heart failure is the most common and there are two main types: systolic and diastolic. In simple terms, diastolic heart failure occurs when the left ventricle still pumps effectively, but doesn’t move as much blood as it should due to a filling problem. Systolic heart failure, on the other hand, occurs when the left ventricle does not pump as forcefully as it should, and therefore less blood makes it into circulation per contraction. Researchers and physicians alike are moving away from the classifications of systolic and diastolic as problems with one can produce abnormalities with the other. Instead, they are moving to classifying heart failure as having normal or impaired left ventricular ejection fraction. Impaired ejection fraction (<40%) would be

Hemodynamic Changes: Contractility is influential in cardiac output and can be compromised due to myocardial infarction, ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and increased cardiac workload, to name a few. Inflammatory, immune, and neurohumoral changes can mediate ventricular remodeling, which will alter myocardial cellular structure resulting in myocardial dilation and further dysfunction of myocyte contractility over time. The decreased contractility will result decreased stroke volume and increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, which results in dilation of the heart and increased preload. Increased afterload can be caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This can result from hypertension or aortic valvular disease. The PVR results in resistance to ventricular emptying, increasing the work load of the LV, thus causing hypertrophy of the myocardium. Sustained elevated afterload results in pathologic hypertrophy, caused by angiotensin II and catecholamines. The increase in cardiac muscle mass causes an increase in the heart’s oxygen and energy demands. Thus, more energy from ATP is needed and when demand is greater than supply, cardiac contractility suffers. Ventricular remodeling continues, further

The first step of pathophysiology is indicating what symptoms indicate and from which body system they arise.

Over the years there has been some controversy on defining congestive heart failure due to a vast variability of the clinical signs and symptoms (Coronel, 2001). The American Heart Association defines it as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood” (Veronique, 2013). In this case report will critically analyse the general information of the giving condition in relation to the patient’s case.

Heart failure HF is a condition involving the heart muscle that is unable to pump enough blood through the body to meet its oxygen needs. HF is associated with conditions such coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, anemia, infection, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, dysrhythmias, bacterial endocarditis, pulmonary diseases, Paget’s disease, nutritional deficiencies and hypervolemia. HF main characteristic is ventricular dysfunction, usually left-sided heart failure develops first causing intolerance to exercise, reduction of quality of life and short life expectancy (Lewis, 2014).

Mechanical inadequacy of left ventricle; causing fluid in lungs. (Hart, RHIA, CCS, CCS-P, Stegman, MBA, CCS, and Ford, RHIT, CCS)

Congestive Heart failure (CHF) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are two major disparities affecting millions of individuals each year. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by a not completely reversible airflow obstruction due to a complex pathology involving large and small airways, lung parenchyma and the pulmonary vasculature (Site). Congestive heart failure is a condition that is known to decrease the amount of blood that is entering and exiting the heart due to increased weakness in the heart muscle and circulatory system. Symptoms and signs of COPD and CHF are shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, increased cough and wheezing, increased mucus, edema, and rapid or irregular heartbeat. There are physical

Left sided heart failure occurs as a result of ineffective left ventricular contraction. As the capability of the left ventricle fails, cardiac output decreases. Blood is not successfully pumped out and backs up into the left atrium and the into the lungs, causing pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity

Isolated diastolic heart failure is defined as pulmonary congestion despite a normal stroke volume and cardiac output. Two areas of pathophysiologic changes in the ventricle have been identified in diastolic dysfunction: decreased compliance of the left ventricle and abnormal diastolic relaxation