Evaluate the evidence that visual perception involves bottom-up and top-down processing.
The perceptual system is comprised of a of a diverse range of senses including visual, auditory, olfactory and tactition; the perceptual system is part of the nervous system, which contains millions of nerve cells called receptors that sense and respond to a plethora of sensory stimuli including light, sound and temperature. The act of perceiving rather than merely sensing enables us to analyse and make sense of incoming sensory information, allowing us to construct a description of the environment to inform and guide our actions within a complex, dynamic world. For primates, as compared to other species, vision has predominantly been relied
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The vibrant environment to which Gibson refers is composed of images and surfaces with varying densities, textures, sizes, distances and shapes, and the interaction or movement of the observer and the movement of the object provide ample information to generate perception.
Gibson emphasises the significance of what he terms the ‘optic array’ whereby light reflected from a multitude of textured surfaces unites in the visual field occupied by the observer, thus altering in conjunction with the position of the observer, hence providing information about where the object is in space. Furthermore, Gibson purposed that in addition to the optic array, invariants or higher-order features, such as ‘horizon ration relation’ and ‘texture gradient’ offer explicit insight into the nature of the environment (as cited in Pike & Edgar, 2010, pp 74-76). ‘Horizon ration relation’ explored by Sedgwick (1973) enables us to judge relative heights and distances of objects; the distance of objects can be judged as the ratio of the proportion of the horizon above to below the object remains constant, however if objects viewed at the same distance differ in height the overall height of the horizon correspondingly increases (as cited in Pike & Edgar, 2010 pp 74-76). Likewise, texture gradient provides information about the density, height, and width of individual elements contained within and varying from surface to surface. Additionally Gibson posits motion and
The components of the nervous system that are involved in the physical sensation is the peripheral nervous system, which is divided into two groups they are, sensory and motor divisions. The sensory impulse moves through the body by stimulating a receptor in the skin, and it goes through the sensory neurons and also travels through the afferent fibers, the spinal cord and also into the brain.
The term sensation is used when referencing the process of sensing the environment through taste, touch, sound, smell, and sight (Goldstein, 2014). Moreover, it is the process that occurs once the sensory receptor experiences stimulation, which in turn produces nerve impulses that are sent to the brain to be processed in its raw form, then perception comes into play (Goldstein, 2014). Perception is used to describe the way people interpret these sensations and tries to make sense of everything around them on a daily basis. Perception is the occurrences of the brain
Our study of the distinctively visual deepens our understanding of the world and those who inhabit it.
long term memory where it can stay for up to a lifetime. There are two
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to defend a broad concept of visual perception, according to which it is a sufficient condition for visual perception that subjects receive visual information in a way which enables them to give reliably correct answers about the objects presented to them. According to this view, blindsight, non-epistemic seeing, and conscious visual experience count as proper types of visual perception. This leads to two consequences concerning the role of the phenomenal qualities of visual experiences. First, phenomenal qualities are not necessary in order to see something, because in the case of blindsight, subjects can see objects without experiences phenomenal
When given a list of words to learn, we can do one of three things to
Reading Chapter 7, Taking Action, helped me to better understand the ways in which perceptual processes such as ones that are being physically active in the world. Through most of the 20th century, the dominant way perception research was carried out was by having stationary observer look at static stimuli in a laboratory situation. Gibson argued that this traditional way of studying perception lacked ecological validity. Ecological perception is defined as a valid experiment that matches its stimuli, conditions, and procedures to those present in the natural world. There are three separate optic flows including: gradient of flow, focus of expansion, and self-produced information. Gradient of flow is the difference in flow as a function of distance from the observer. Focus of expansion is the point in distance where
He demonstrates one of his co-workers at his office pointing a camera around the room in search of a white plate with his eyes closed. As he get’s closer to the solid white plate the sound that is omitted is a louder high pitch. This is opening a way for prosthetics for people who are visually impaired. He also translates images by translating the average color per square into sound to create music. He is proving his statement that “No one is an outside observer of nature, each of us is defined by our Ecology.”
The Peripheral Nervous system includes somatic and the autonomic nervous systems that have voluntary control over muscles and involuntary control over organs. The brain has three parts; the Forebrain, which includes the thalamus, the hypthalamus and the cerebrum; the midbrain; and the hindbrain that includes the pons, the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. The forebrain is the most complex and biggest of the three parts. The senses are caused by a stimulus which goes to a sensory receptor cell then the receptor potential transfers to the sensory neuron which then turns into action potential and goes to the cntral nervous system. Vision and hearing are two of theses
There is a strong connection between the senses and the formation of our perception. Traditionally, the sense categories are known as sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. The modern perspective views the senses as systems in which information about our external world is acquired; visual, auditory, olfactory, gestation and haptic (tactile) systems. Architecture in the sense of environmental design is “the art of nourishing these senses.” In order to receive information from the environment, each sense organ is part of a sensory system which receives and transmits sensory information to the brain. How the human body engages space is of prime importance; as the human body moves, sees, smells, touches, hears and even tastes within a space – the
Albeit of course he latterly confers there is a conundrum, which elapses immediately around the ground, breaking concept of sense data and its wider currency in our perceptions towards objects in abnormal circumstances. In this context we are informed of one is seeing something and what is this something if not part of a material thing is the merit of insoluble mystery. This question succumbs hot indignation to Austin, for the straight part of the stick the bit not under water is presumably part of the material thing and we are made aware of that in the same way we are made aware of the bit under water. We can see, come to think of it, the water itself. At an appropriate level thus he concludes that what we see is a stick partly immersed
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3 VISUAL SENSORY SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 4 AUDITORY, TACTILE AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEM...................................................... 6 COGNITION........................................................................................................... 8 DECISION MAKING................................................................................................ 9 DISPLAYS AND CONTROLS................................................................................... 10 ANTHROPOMETRY AND WORKSPACE DESIGN ..................................................... 11
Perception is defined as how you look at others and the world around you. Being able to select, organize and intercept information starts the perceptual process. Perception affects the way people communicate with others. An individual’s pattern of thinking can affect their perception of others. Most people communicate best with people of similar cultures.
What he is referring to is the optics of a situation–what perception the picture creates.