Pernicious Anemia

Anemia is a medical condition defined as having low amounts of red blood cells, thus transporting low levels of oxygen in the blood. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Causes for anemia vary, depending on the severity and duration of illness. Regular anemia can result with low levels of iron in the blood. (Mayo Clinic, 2014)

The lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach leads to a vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 is necessary for production of normal, healthy red blood cells. Without B-12, red blood cells become to large(macrocytic) and do not carry enough oxygen to supply the body. Without enough oxygen the body can not function normally and a person is said to be anemic (Pernicious Anemia, n.d.).

19. Following surgery for stomach cancer, Joe has been diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which of the following is most likely the cause of this problem? A. he may not be absorbing vitamin B12 from his diet since the operation because of less intrinsic factor

This is the term that describes a red blood cell that is of normal size. They usually also have hemoglobin content (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Normocytic)

In 1872 Michael Anton Biermer described a blood condition in a German article. He chose to name the rare disease he discovered “Pernicious anemia” because of the lethality and incurability at the time. Biermer’s disease or Pernicious anemia is a genetic disease where patients’ stomachs do not produce intrinsic factor which is a protein of the mucus membrane layer of the stomach.When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. The body needs vitamin B12 in order to function properly and remain healthy. Vitamin B12 assists in the production of red blood cells, DNA, and tissues, while helping keep nerve cells alive and healthy.This vitamin is found in many animal products such as beef, poultry, shellfish and more.

What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle Cell disease is a blood disorder that is inherited. By inherited I mean passed down from parents to their children. Babies are usually born with sickle cell disease. When they inherit two abnormal genes, one from each parent. Abnormal genes cause the body’s red blood cells to change shape. This being the effect of having sickle cell disease.

The clinical presentation of patients with aplastic anemia includes symptoms related to the decrease in bone marrow production of hematopoietic cells. Specific manifestations include pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue, or ankle edema (Porth, 2015). Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia may include nosebleeds and bleeding gums, frequent or prolonged infections, and pharyngeal ulcerations. Patients with aplastic anemia commonly present with symptoms of pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, easy bruising and fatigue (Porth, 2015). Other symptoms include visual disturbance due to retinal hemorrhage, petechial rashes, SOB with exertion, dizziness (Porth, 2015). Patients with aplastic anemia also present with jaundice and evidence of clinical hepatitis (Porth, 2015). Obtaining work history, solvent exposure, as well as a family, environmental, and infectious disease history (Musser, 2006). The clinical presentation of

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder that prevents the body from making the intrinsic factor. It is important to know how this process works. An autoimmune disease is a disease where the body’s own immune system makes antibodies that attack its own body because it recognizes something in the body (in this case intrinsic factor) as foreign that needs to be destroyed. The antibodies attack the

"The average age of diagnosis is age 60"[4]. In medicinal and family history doctor sometimes asks symptoms or sign for instance, if the patients have any stomach or intestinal surgeries, and have a digestive disorder, about medicine taking, or have family history of anemia or pernicious anemia. Moreover ,In bodily test doctor looks in pale or yellowish skin, heartbeats. Furthermore, there are a lot of tests and procedures aid to diagnose pernicious anemia. The first a test is complete blood counts used to diagnose kinds of anemia due to measure parts of blood, hemoglobin ,and red blood cells then if the result confirms that have anemia, so there are other blood tests to define which kind of anemia have. For example, A reticulocyte which is a test that counts red blood cells, and appears if the bone marrow is creating red blood cells correctly, but in pernicious anemia, the result is low then Serum folate and iron binding capacity exams are used to defined if patients have pernicious anemia or not. In addition, doctors advice another red blood tests to know vitamin B12 because if vitamin B12 is low, consider a sign of pernicious

Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body fails to make enough healthy red blood cells because there is a deficiency of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that the body needs in order to make healthy red blood cells and to keep the nervous system working properly. Individuals with pernicious anemia can’t absorb enough vitamin B12 from foods because they lack intrinsic factor (IF), a protein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. A lack of this protein leads to a deficiency of vitamin B12. ( ) The decreased absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract that causes this condition is believed to be the result of an autoimmune process which makes the body’s immune system attack the lining of the stomach. Normally, vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach to help ease its absorption later when digestive products pass through the small intestines. The autoimmune process attacks the IF protein resulting in lower IF levels in stomach secretions, therefore, causing vitamin B12 to not be absorbed. ( )

"Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)" is now used to designate any hemolytic anemia related to RBC fragmentation, occurring in association with small vessel disease. In DIC, RBC fragmentation is thought to result from the deposition of fibrin or platelets within the microvasculature. The term "thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)" is also used to describe syndromes characterized by MAHA, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic lesions in small blood vessels. The most prominent diagnoses associated with TMA are thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Many different disorders, including preeclampsia, infections, adverse drug reactions, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies,

Per Major Blount, your ESR elevated. It is a nonspecific test which indicates that there is some type of inflammatory process. Also, your albumin was also slightly elevated and your RBC count was slightly low, but no anemia was seen and neither of these numbers is a concern. Per Major Blount, recommends that you keep your consult for neurology for further evaluation.

If enough of these protein chains are not produced or they're abnormal, red blood cells will fail to form correctly or carry enough oxygen. A decrease in the level of healthy haemoglobin will cause the body to function improperly. Low levels of haemoglobin may cause anaemia, an illness that makes you feel weak and tired. Organs can be damaged, in severe cases of anaemia, or it could also result in the death of the individual. The production of haemoglobin protein chains by the body is controlled by genes. If these genes are missing or altered, thalassemia

Introduction:Fanconi anemia or FA, is first described in 1927 Guido who was a Swiss paediatrician. FA is a rare inherited blood disorder that causes to bone marrow failure. FA prevents bone marrow from making enough new blood cells necessary for our body and cause to make many defective blood cells. FA is a blood disorder that can be inherited as Autosomal recessive disorder ,also in some cases it can be inherited as an X-linked recessive condition. It affect many of our body's organs, tissues and system. Children who inherit FA have a higher risk of being born with birth defects.FA is one of many types of Anemia that refers to a condition to lower red blood cells in the body.

1)Ahn JS, Eom CS, Jeon CY, Park SM. Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:2560-8.