Pharmacology Research Paper

| 1. corticosteroid 2. bronchodilator 3. ACE inhibitor4. cholesterol 5. benzodiazepine 6. potassium sparing diuretic

* Origin of Drug: Dutch word droog meaning dry for dried herbs and plants that were the 1st medicine.

In Prospero 's case in Masque of the Red Death Prince Prospero, was faced with the threat of survival, surviving the Red Death, a plague sweeping his kingdom killing all it comes into contact with. To produce the fight-or-flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal-cortical system uses the bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight-or-flight response.When the hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there 's a burglar at the door, you 're going to have to take action fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal-cortical system. The pituitary gland secretes the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately thirty different

EDMAN KA & SCHILD HO 1962, ‘The need for calcium in the contractile response induced by acetylcholine

In order to complete this exercise, two different procedures were conducted; one measured the basal heart rate, and the other measured the drug-induced heart rate. A sample 's basal heart rate can be defined as the “resting” heart rate. This is when no drugs or altering substances are applied. In comparison, the drug-induced heart rate of a sample can be defined as the heart rate after the drug was administered to the surrounding environment. The four drugs tested on the Daphnia specimens were Acetylcholine, Caffeine,

AChE is found in red blood cells, cholinergic fibres and muscle (motor end-plate), existing as mainly membrane bound (Rang & Dale, 2007). It is highly specific for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and its principle role is termination of impulse

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Mechanism: Although the exact mechanism of action is not known, ketamine appears to be an agonist at CNS muscarinic acetylcholine-receptors and opiate-receptors. Ketamine

On the website CV Pharmacology, Richard Klabunde, PhD tells us that the classes of drugs to treat angina are as

As shown in the table 2 the EC50 values of acetylcholine, calculated from the dose-response curve, significantly differ from each other. In fact, in endothelium denuded rings acetylcholine caused no relaxation at all. Moreover, the prolonged exposure to increasing concentrations had given some constriction.

Partial agonist is a drug having same affinity for receptor as an agonist but less intrinsic activity than full agonist is called “PARTIAL AGONIST”. A partial agonist in presence of full agonist acts as antagonist, as it occupies the receptor and does not allow the full agonist to bind with receptor. Clinically, partial agonists can be used to activate receptors to give a desired submaximal response when inadequate amounts of the endogenous ligand are present, or they can reduce the overstimulation of receptors when excess amounts of the endogenous ligand are present. Some currently common drugs that have been classed as partial agonists at particular receptors include buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, and norclozapine. Examples of ligands

The fight or flight response is a complex response that affects a great deal of the body. Initially, a signal travels to the brain, to which the amygdala responds. The amygdala sends a nerve impulse to the hypothalamus, which sends a chemical signal to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then releases a hormone that travels to the adrenal gland, along with the nerve impulse from the hypothalamus. Within the adrenal gland, the impulse initiates the release of epinephrine and adrenaline, which affect various cell types. Inside the adrenal gland, the adrenal cells are affected by the presence of the hormone and activate the G protein complex. This complex stimulates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP. cAMP activates the protein Kinase A, or PKA, which releases catalytic subunits. These subunits travel to the mitochondrial membrane and activate the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. This protein mediates importing cholesterol into the mitochondria, which uses enzymes to convert the cholesterol into 17-OH-pregnenolone. The pregnenolone is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum,

The test compound and agonist substances acetylcholine, carbachol, methacholine and histamine were obtained with enough volume to complete the experiment. A fresh guinea pig ilium obtained through a freshly killed guinea pig. An organ bath is needed with an attached water jacket and aerator to circulate the water. Sufficient amount of water is needed to circulate within the organ bath to keep it at a constant 37 ℃. Tyrode’s solution is required to immerse the tissue in. An isotonic lever attached to a transducer, which in turn connects to a chart recorder to measure the contractions of the guinea pig ilium is also needed for the experiment. Lastly, a cotton string to hold the suspended tissue is required.

Stimulants drugs are ‘a class of drugs that elevate mood, increase feelings of well-being, and increase energy and alertness.’ (The National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Facts Stimulants, 2013) This types

     The Parasympathetic nervous system is an antagonist to the sympathetic nervous system. Its primary function is to give you the ability to rest and relax, in times when you are tired or stressed. The parasympathetic nervous system works to save energy and allow your blood pressure to also decrease. Your heartbeat reduces becoming much slower, and digestion can start. Notice again in figure