Background
Chest pain is a common presenting complaint to the emergency department of any hospital and, given that ischemic heart disease is considered the world 's biggest killer1, it is imperative to investigate such patients at length to exclude coronary artery disease (CAD). Physicians commonly rely on the measurement of cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase (CK) and its isoenzymes for such a differential diagnosis. Despite the determination of Troponin levels in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia, an elevated CK-MB can provide diagnostic uncertainty as it rises earlier than troponin in myocardial injury. Thus, it is important to remember the other causes of an elevated CK, and by extension it isoenzymes when investigating such
…show more content…
These are known as macro-enzymes and carry a molecular weight of greater than 200 kDa3,4. Macro molecular forms of not only creatine kinase have been described but also that of lactate dehydrogenase, amylase and aspartate aminotransferase6. These molecules provide diagnostic challenges for physicians as they often lead to an interference in the biochemical assay for their respective enzymes, resulting in false positive diagnosis such as acute myocardial ischemia or even acute pancreatitis.
This discussion will focus on the macro-molecular forms of creatine kinase: macro-CK type 1 and macro-CK type 2. Macro-CK type 1 is a complex formed by one of the CK isoenzymes and immunoglobulin in an antigen - (auto) antibody reaction7. Most often, it 's components entail CK-BB and monoclonal IgG3. Its prevalence is estimated at 0.9-1.2% 3. Albeit, very rare, researchers have shown its association with various disorders including hypothyroidism, neoplasia, autoimmune conditions, myositis and cardiovascular disease8. Persuasively, Lee et al (1994) showed that more than 50% of his patients with macro CK type 1 had some form of myositis, whether it was autoimmune, malignancy associated or drug induced (PBrien, J.The Macroenzymes: A Clinical Review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1993; 68(4):349-354.
7. Stein, W., Bohner, J., Krais, J.,
To determine if the patient’s chest pain is related to injury, you would look for ST-segment elevation. Myocardial injury represents a worsening stage of ischemia. If ST-segment elevation is greater than or equal to 1mm above the isoelectric line, it is significant and treatment needs to be prompt and effective to try to restore oxygen to the myocardium, and to avoid or limit infarction. The absence of serum cardiac markers confirms that infarction has not
It is found in skeletal muscles. Creatine phosphate can house high-energy phosphate bonds. There is an abundance of ATP while the muscle cell is at rest. The creatine kinase transfers the high-energy phosphate bonds of the ATP to the high-energy phosphate bonds of the creatine phosphate. Once the cell is ready to contract, creatine kinase removes the phosphate groups from creatine phosphate and transfers them to ADP to create ATP. ATP is used to drive the contraction since it is a quick energy source. A large amount of creatine kinase should not be present in the bloodstream unless there is a large-scale destruction of muscle cells. The Duchenne muscular dystrophy causes this phenomenon to occur where muscle cell membranes are destroyed spilling out the creatine kinase into the bloodstream.
African American male that is seen today for followup post hospital discharge. He is a 48-year-old gentleman with complicated cardiac history as well as neurological history including congestive heart failure. History of strokes 01/2017, possible sick sinus syndrome. He has an implanted pacemaker that was placed in 06/2017, as well as hypertension. He was taken to the Central Hospital on 09/01 with presentation of chest pain, noted to be around his pacemaker site. He identified being in seizure and suddenly felt chest pain with shortness of breath, and was offered nitro, he developed headaches and dyspnea post nitro treatment, of note is that the EKG that was obtained during that process, did not identify any pacemaker spike despite having a
3. What is the most common pathophysiologic precipitating event for ACS? What differentiates USA from MI?
The EKG is read by a doctor or specialist, such as an internist, family medicine doctor, electrophysiologist, cardiologist, anesthesiologist, or surgeon. The doctor will look at the pattern of spikes and dips on your EKG to check the electrical activity in different parts of your heart. The spikes and dips are grouped into different sections that show how your heart is working
The Scandalous Hollywood Fat Man: Roscoe Arbuckle Have you ever wondered how everyday life would be if there were parade tabloid writers and paparazzi following your every move? Every step you take you hear the shutter of a camera and microphones following you around to get the “scoop”. This was the life Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle. Roscoe was a very famous comedian during the nineteen-teens and twenties. He co-starred with Mabel Normand in many films such as “Mabel’s Wilful Way” and “Fatty and Mabel Adrift” under Keystone Film Studio.
In the novel, No Apparent Distress: A Doctor’s Coming-of-Age on the Front Lines of American Medicine by Dr. Rachel Pearson, the author, Dr. Pearson, encounters several patients and experiences several personal challenges that builds her role as a doctor and helps her realize the social injustices in the healthcare system. With the personal encounters she faces with her patients, her family and her peers, Dr. Pearson learns that there are several flaws in the healthcare system that is beyond the doctor’s power to fix. She also learns that the education she receives progressively builds as she meets new patients and learns about their individual cases. She begins to understand that the nature of her education is surprising because one cannot fully understand something unless they have experienced it. Consequently, Dr.
The case I chose was published in The Baltimore Sun. The title of the article is, Prosecutors: No Charges against Baltimore officer who used Taser on teen. This article is about a 19 year-old teen named George Vonn King Jr. who died from cardiac arrest. The article states that Mr. King was tased several times by police, before going into cardiac arrest (George). This incident took place at the “MedStar Good Samaritan hospital” in Baltimore MD, where Mr. King was admitted as a patient. Mr. King suffered from Meningitis which causes seizures, along with aggressive behavior. When King was asked by hospital staff to move to the intensive care unit, he became aggressive, which may have been because of the medication he received (George). Hospital
Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step: Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice
With attention to her heart issues, I checked her capillary refill on both fingers and toes for perfusion, her pulse (62 bpm) and her blood pressure (120/58). Additionally, when she was getting up I had her sit for a minute before standing to decrease the likelihood of orthostatic hypotension.
Objective The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of varying temperatures on the enzyme catalase by measuring the oxygen production as it breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Introduction Enzymes are used in our daily lives in many ways. From industry to agriculture, enzymes play a necessary role in everything from bread to laundry soap.
I met this incredible woman late in my life. She happened to come into my life once my mom married her son. She always had something interesting to say about her life. When this paper was discussed in class I knew who exactly I was going to write about. Here is the story of Teresa Torres:
World War II had an extensive impact of the United States. In spite of all the battles being fought off America mainland, the war affected all aspects of American life back home. World War II may be known as the worst war in history, but a lot of good came out of it. If it was not for World War II many economic changes, social changes, and political changes may have never happened.
Blood tests will be done to assess troponin I, troponin T, creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin which are classified as cardiac serum markers (Cardiac Emergencies, n.d.).
Various contributing mechanisms have been identified, including the negative inotropic effects of different circulating factors, especially cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6), lysozyme c and endothelin-1, disturbances of intracellular calcium trafficking within cardiac myocytes, alterations of myocardial microvascular blood flow, mitochondrial abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction [71-73]. There are various effects which may be responsible for the toxic actions of peroxynitrite on the heart, including myocardial cell death, either by caspase-3-dependent apoptosis [74], or PARP mediated necrosis [75]. A direct correlation linking the degree of myocardial PARP activation and the severity of cardiac functional alterations has been established in humans with septic shock [76]. Myocardial contractility can also be impaired by peroxynitrite due to disturbance in regulatory mechanism of intracellular calcium through the inactivation of SERCA2A [77], by altering different myofibrillar proteins including actin, myosin [78] and alpha-actinin [79], by interrupting myofibrillar energetics through inactivation of the myofibrillar isoform of creatine kinase [80] and by activating matrix metalloproteinases [81], which promotes contractile failure by cleaving key sarcomeric proteins including troponin and myosin light chain