Circulatory Shock

Cardiogenic shock is a frequently fatal complication that occurs when the heart cannot pump an adequate amount of blood in order to perfuse tissues. This hypoperfusion causes multiple organ dysfunction and damage which classifies cardiogenic shock a medical emergency. In the past, cardiogenic shock had a poor prognosis. However, currently approximately half of the people that go into cardiogenic shock survive (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011).

Neira JA. Post-Resuscitation Care: Induced Hypothermia to Whom, How, and When? World Congress of Cardiology, 2008. Web. 4 June

Dugdale, D. (2012, June 22). Cardiogenic Shock. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000185.htm

Shock is a life-threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.

These stated facts very well implicate an imperative need to investigate promising alternative treatment strategies as well preventive measures. Impairment in cardiac functions, organ (heart) failure or trigger of compensatory mechanisms (hypertrophy, neurohumoral system activation, autokrine, paracrine stimulation, etc) are the result of loss in cardiac myocytes predominantly due to myocardial infarction (Zimmermann and Eschenhagen, 2003). In addition to the traditional treatment of

Septic shock is a subset of severe sepsis and was defined as “sepsis-induced hypotension persisting despite adequate fluid resusci- tation” (see Fig. 12.1). While the quantity of fluid that qualifies as “adequate fluid resuscitation” is controversial, we believe septic shock is best defined as a “mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 65 mmHg after a fluid challenge of 20 mL/Kg body weight (given 30–60 minutes) in patients with sepsis and in the absence of other causes for hypotension” (also see Chap. 14). According to the ACCP/SCCM defini- tions, three stages in the hierarchy of the host’s response to infection were recognized, namely, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock, with sepsis having the best prognosis and septic shock the worst. While the use of the SIRS criteria to define sepsis is some- what controversial [3–6], many consider sepsis to be best defined as the “systemic response to infection with the presence of some degree of organ dysfunction”

There are many races, hurdles, and obstacles to contend with throughout the course of life such as: life itself, family and health. In the realm of Certified Nursing, I have become more intent on knowing more about the lifestyles of the people, and the good and bad results of daily tasks that ensure their happiness. Safety, and the many diseases/disorders that have been encountered by others, can only be counter-acted by better knowledge, resources, and means of assurance in providing ways of increasing the (ADLs). While reading, I came across the disorder of Myocardial Infarctions, and found the information to be remarkably interesting. First of all, I learned that infarctions are commonly known for being obstructions of the blood supply to the organs and tissues; whether by the thrombus or embolous. This obstruction causes tissues to die. ” (Medicine Net, 2015).There’s different kinds of infarctions, such as: Myocardial, Acute, Cerebellar, and Right Ventricular. Therefore, myocardial infarctions are “irreversible necrosis of heart muscle, which are secondary to prolonged ischemia” (emedicine, 2015). Therefore, myocardial infarctions are “irreversible necrosis of heart muscle, which are secondary to prolonged ischemia” (emedicine, 2015).

I am conducting biomedical research in the laboratory of cardiac physiology under the mentorship of Dr. Elizabeth Murphy. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the US; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte death in ischemia and reperfusion injury are important. Mitochondrial calcium plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of many processes, including the regulation of cardiac biochemical pathways and mediating ischemia-reperfusion injury. The uptake of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix is regulated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). An endogenous enzyme, Ca2+ Calmodulin Dependent Kinase II (CaMKII) has shown to regulate cell death and have increased activity during

Shock is a collapse of Circulatory function caused by severe injury, blood loss, or disease, and characterized by pallor sweating, weak pulse, and very low blood pressure .There are three basic types of shock. Cardiogenic Shock [includes tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponede and pulmonary embolism] which is caused by the heart failing to pump as designed. Distributive shock [includes septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock and psychogenic shock] which is caused by poor vessel function. Lastly we have hypovolemic shock [includes hemorrhagic shock and non hemorrhagic shock]. Cardiogenic shock is basically shock that is cardiac in nature. It is also the end off of the road for all other causes of shock. Cardiogenic shock

Shock is a serious medical issue characterized by insufficient perfusion, which can lead to sepsis and death. A patient going into shock is something that an EMT may face in the field, therefore an EMT must be able to accurately identify and diagnose all types of shock. Although there are many specific types of shock, the most widely accepted division of shock was established by authors of “The Fundamental mechanisms of shock” Hinshaw and cox. Hinshaw and cox explain that shock can be separated into four broad pieces: hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, distributive shock, and extracardiac obstructive shock (Sethi).

Losing just one pint of blood is all it takes to send the body into shock. The heart pumps

Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical care. Treatment helps get blood flowing through your body again. Treatment may include:

Fluids have gone from the body, causing a decreased quantity of Volume in the blood vessels. Venous return is decreased because of the diminishing Fluid in the vascular space, leading to decreased Ventricular filling. The decrease of Ventricle filling leads to reduced stroke

Shock is described as a state of hypoperfusion of the organs and tissues, which results in cellular dysfunction and cell death. There are many varieties of shock, but for the purpose of this essay I will focus on hypovolemic shock. The term hypovolemic means low volume; this term in and of itself tells us what the root cause of this form of shock is, low blood volume. There are two different types of hypovolemic shock, hemorrhagic and non hemorrhagic. I will be discussing the possible causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for the hemorrhagic type. I will also explain what health care providers in the field should be looking for to determine whether the patient is in a state of compensated or decompensating shock. Compensated shock is when the body is using all of it’s resources to maintain perfusion but in the later stages of shock the patient will decompensate, this is when the body’s attempts at maintaining perfusion are beginning to fail.

Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischemic heart disease is the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014). While over 20,000 of deaths in 2011 were attributed to CHD. There were estimated 590,000 Australians 18 years old and above diagnosed with CHD in 2011-2012 (AIHW, 2014; Craft, 2014, pg. 596). Myocardial ischaemia is a common form of CHD. A sufficient coronary artery blood flow is essential to supply oxygen for normal cardiac activities. Myocardial ischaemia develops when there is an insufficient supply of blood and oxygen to support the function of myocardial cells (Craft, 2014, pg. 599). A decrease in blood supply can led to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by narrowing or occluding the arteries. Other conditions such as hypotension, coronary spasm, dysthymias, hypoxemia and anaemia can also decrease the blood and oxygen supply to the myocardial cells (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1153)