Plantaris Muscle Case Study

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

When Tampa Bay selected Doug Martin with the 31st pick in the 2012 NFL Draft they believed they’d found their running back for the next ten years. Unfortunately, this wasn’t the case for the Buccaneers. Martin showed glimpses of how talented he was, but will be remembered in Tampa for his injuries and PED use. Martin recently found a home with the Oakland Raiders where he will look for a fresh start under a familiar face, Jon Gruden.

The muscular system is an organ system composed of roughly 650 to 850 muscles. The muscular systems consist of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. The muscular system collectively works with other organ systems to permit movement, posture, conduction of heat and the circulation of blood throughout the human body.

C. Contraction of skeletal muscle cells. When muscles contract, ATP must be produced to contract the muscles. With any chemical reaction, heat is produced.

The Achilles tendon is one of the largest and strongest tendons in the human body. It is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects the calcaneus (heel bone) to the muscles at the back of the calf using the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Leg muscles are known as the strongest muscles in the body because there are able to pull against the force of gravity in order to keep the body upright and in balance. The Achilles tendon is an important tendon in terms of mobility because it keeps the elastic energy required for running, jumping and walking. When an athlete tightens their calf muscles, it pulls the Achilles tendon which in turn pushes the foot down. Within the body each Achilles tendon is conditional

Pain in the calf muscles when walking only a short distance, which forces the patient to rest

According to the data of measuring EMG activity from antagonistic muscle, anterior muscles were more active during flexion than posterior muscles. Also, muscles were more activated when the hand is closed as opposed to open. Muscle flexion without a weight requires more force; however, muscle extension with a weight requires more force. Moreover, the muscle active increase in the heteronymous muscle during relaxation, which add stabilization and control to the movement. Doing the same experiment while a subject is running will increase the muscles force.

The calf muscle - also called the sura - is actually a pair of muscles, the gastorcnemius and the soleus, each of which requires slightly different calf exercises to target. The calf muscle is found on the anterior portion of the leg and is connected to the foot via the Achilles tendon. An often-overlooked muscle, the calf is exceedingly important for mobility, as it plays a large part in the motions of walking, jumping, and running. To keep mobility at its best, strong, resilient calf muscles are a must, and the best way to keep them in shape is through calf exercises.

The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body, but also happens to be the most frequently torn tendon (Reiman et al., 2014). It originates from the soleus muscle extending over to the two heads of the gastrocnemius and is inserted into the calcaneus. (Benjamin, Suzuki, & Toumi,2009, p.5). Occasionally it has been noted that in 2.9 – 5.5% of people, there is a third head of the gastrocnemius. (Benjamin, Suzuki, & Toumi, 2009, p.7). It is also the strongest and thickest tendon in the body. As the tendon reaches the calcaneus, it allows for elongation (which is the amount of extension that the tendon is able to undergo when it’s under stress). Furthermore, the elongation allows for a release of energy during movement.

The plantaris is so small some people usually confuses it as a nerve. Many people do not have this muscle. The plantaris descends medially, condensing into a tendon that runs down the leg, between the gastrocnemius and soleus. Because it crosses at the knee it goes all the way to the ankle it allows one to point their toes downward. There are four muscles in the deep part of the posterior leg. One muscle, the popliteus, deal with the knee joint. The remaining three muscles (tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus) deals with the ankle and foot.

Gamma motor neurons are a type of lower motor neuron that take part in the process of muscle contraction. Their cell bodies are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers, which contract only slightly. The function of intrafusal fiber contraction is not to provide force to the muscle; rather, gamma activation of the intrafusal fiber is necessary to keep the muscle spindle taut, and therefore sensitive to stretch, over a wide range of muscle lengths. If a resting muscle is stretched, the muscle spindle becomes stretched in parallel, sending signals through the primary and secondary afferents. A subsequent contraction of the muscle, however, removes the pull on the spindle, and it becomes

is the back portion muscle of the lower leg. The muscle group’s structure consists of two main muscles (Gastrocnemius and Soleus).

However, this lack of activity is not able to explain, on its own, the low effect of the ERT to alleviate some symptoms. Because of that, in the last years some theories have gained strength. Facing the traditional theory that muscular weakness is due to a disorder in catabolism of glycogen, there is a new thinking that view this illness as an autophagic flux disruption, resulting in an accumulation of autophagosomes which are not able to fuse with lysosomes, thereby PD may be faced as a problem originated, at least in part, by a wrong handling of these structures

Several studies in the past have indicated that pain in the masseter muscles is a potential modifier of natural mastication (Lund, Donga et al. 1991, Svensson and Graven-Nielsen 2001). However, we have reported that experimental craniofacial pain in the masseter muscle or TMJ did not have any major effects on oral fine motor tasks such as splitting food morsels with anterior teeth (Kumar, Castrillon et al. 2015). Therefore, in order to enhance our understanding of the masticatory system the role of muscle spindles in controlling the jaw movements needs to be clarified. It has been hypothesized that muscle spindles are possibly involved in both the estimation of load changes and the execution of the voluntary isometric contraction during biting

A sport such as basketball focuses primarily on shooting a ball and running. A physical activity such as running uses nearly all leg muscles. Muscles such as the Quadriceps are used when moving your leg forward (Jarmey). These are a group of muscles that is located in the front of the thigh (Jarmey). Within the quadriceps are four separate muscles. These four muscles include the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and the rectus femoris (Jarmey). The quadriceps help in the extension and stabilization of the knee, and it also helps in bending the hip (Jones).