Plaque Formation Case Study

After injury Platelets adhere to the site of injury, then platelet gets activated and aggregated followed by activation of coagulation cascade and formation of clot.28,29

Now the heart is ready to send this blood for pulmonary circulation to the lungs.

Thrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is also associated with the three major cardiovascular diseases: ischemic heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). In 2010, GBD documented 52.8 million deaths worldly, 12.9 million deaths were caused by ischemic heart disease and stroke collectively [56]. Thrombosis is the accumulation of blood clot in blood vessels and can be arterial or venous thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis is a thrombotic event in the artery wall and the primary trigger for such event is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque which formed because the accumulation of lipid deposits and lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells). On the other hand, venous thrombosis is the thrombotic event

Dr. L. Vijaya Mohan Rao, an internationally recognized investigator in the field cardiovascular diseases, has been awarded 1.45 million dollar R01 grant from National Institute of the Health to continue and expand his research program in blood diseases. Cardiovascular diseases constitute the major cause of morbidity and mortality in US and other Western countries. More people die from these diseases than cancer. Thrombus (clot) formation in major blood vessels occludes blood supply to vital organs, including to heart and brain, that results in heart attack and stroke. It is not entirely clear what triggers unwanted clots in blood vessels. In the healthy condition, the cells that come in contact with blood are quiescent and not capable of generating the clot. However, in disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, infection and cancer, the cells are activated to express a potent procoagulant factor that triggers the clot formation. Dr. Rao’s research focuses on identifying factors that elaborate in diseases that transform the cryptic and non-functional clotting factor on blood cells to highly thrombogenic clotting factor. Identifying these factors

Hemostasis is the process of blood coagulation. The first thing that happens is the contraction of the smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall. next is the formation of the platelet plug, which become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug. Formation of a blood clot then happens. The substance needed for coagulation are normally inactive in the bloodstream. some substances in clotting are ones such as, calcium ion, enzyme precursors, vitamin k, fibrinogen, calcium. After these substances are obtained then the final steps begin. First substance released from the damaged tissue and sticky platelets initiate a reaction that leads to the formation of prothrombinase. Next the prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to

Protein- Fish ( salmon, trout, tuna and omega), lean meats, poultry (skinless chicken or Turkey, eggs, Nuts, seeds and soy products, legumes ( kidney beans, chickpeas, lima beans, black-eyed peas, lentils

Hyperlipidemia is another modifiable risk factor. Hyperlipidemia is high cholesterol levels in the blood. A total cholesterol over 200mg/dL is over the normal limit and increases the risk of a myocardial infarction. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered the “bad cholesterol”. The liver in the human body makes cholesterol and other fats, and the LDL carries them to other body tissues. A good LDL level is below 130 mg/dL. High density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered the “good cholesterol”. HDL takes the LDL from the tissues back to liver so the body can excrete it. HDL should be over 50 for women, and over 40 for men (Woods, A., 2010). A patient having high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of a heart attack, because if there is too much cholesterol it will build up in the vessels causing them to be narrower. This narrowing can lead to the artery or vessel being completely blocked and causing a myocardial infarction. Obesity is also a risk factor for a heart attack. Obesity is when a body mass index is over 30 kg/m² and a waist measurement over 35 inches for women

Definitions: Thrombolytic therapy is a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in the blood vessels, to improve blood flow and prevent damage to tissue and organs.

It was hypothesised by Rudolph Virchow that irregularities in three parts (Virchow’s triad) lead to the formation and spreading of thrombus. Nowadays it is achievable to measure some of the influences that increase the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and other cardiovascular syndromes. The Virchow’ triad suggested that the formation and proliferation of thrombus was caused by (i) blood flow, (ii) vessel wall and (iii) blood components. Irregularities in any of these three areas can lead to formation of thrombus.

There are factors that put people at a higher risk of developing high blood pressure. These include inactivity, excess weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, stress, lack of sleep, and an unhealthy diet. High blood pressure can be controlled with medication, but choosing a healthy lifestyle should be the first step. Those that want to reduce their risk of developing high blood pressure should follow an exercise routine and a healthy eating plan.

with wounds that have broken through the skin, WBCs will gather around the point of entry to fight infection and prevent any further damage to systems (Tortura 699). However, in the case of hemostasis, the most important contributors are the Platelets, cell fragments that are held together with a membrane (702). As bleeding occurs, various chemicals and enzymes that are contained within platelets activate, causing the cells to become sticky and encourage accumulation to one another. This coagulation of platelets at the broken vessel’s entry site will eventually form a solid plug, resulting in effective clotting. . Clotting is essential to stop major bleeding of vessels throughout the body, especially in the case of hemorrhagic or hypovolemic shock

Hemostasis is the process that maintains the integrity of a closed circulatory system after vascular damage. Vessel wall injury and the extravasation of blood from the circulation rapidly initiate events in the vessel wall and in the blood that seal the breach. Circulating platelets are recruited to the site of injury, where they become a major component of the developing thrombus; blood coagulation is initiated by endothelium-expressed tissue factor and leads to the generation of thrombin and fibrin. Under normal conditions, regulatory mechanisms restrain thrombus formation both temporally and

It is well established that heart diseases result from unhealthy lifestyles like poor diet, physical activity, and tobacco use, and excessive alcohol use, stress, poor sleeping habits. According to analysis report from the National Health and Nutrition Survey has shown that meeting any five of ideal metrics (no smoking, a normal body mass index (BMI), physical activity, a healthy diet, normal cholesterol, normal blood pressure, and a normal fasting plasma glucose) help in 78% reduction in the all-cause mortality rate (Ford et al., 2012).

When the plaques become very solid from the outside, start forming cracks on the outer casing and lead to the collect of platelets in the region, and then begin clots blood around plaque ruptured (Benditt, 1977,p 74-85). If the bloods clot blocking the artery completely, the heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen. And within a short period of time, lead to the death of heart muscle cells, causing damage or permanent damage to the heart muscle (EMS, S. K. C.2006). Cardiovascular Emergencies.)

Accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate cardiovascular exercise a week, as recommended by the CDC. (See References 2) For