Police Carding Research Paper

Starting In 1829, Sir Robert Peel began developing his theory of policing. These nine principles are as relevant today as they were in the 1800's. Peel established the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. Since Sir Robert Peel introduced his principles of policing in the early 1800's, our country has continued to follow his ideas of effective policing. Community policing is based on Peel's concept of prevention.

Imagine innocently walking down the street in a city you’ve lived in your whole life, when all of a sudden you hear the dreaded “woop woop” and see those flashing red and blue lights. The police. They interrogate you, ask your whereabouts, and finally, they “frisk” you. Of course, they find nothing; they rarely do when they search people. Although it’s wrong and demoralizing, you know it’s something you’ll have to get used to as an African American living in New York City.

“Stop and Frisk” is a program put into effect by the New York Police Department that basically grants an officer authority to stop and search a “suspicious character” if they deem him/her to be as such. They don’t need a warrant, or see you commit a crime. 5They simply need to deem you “suspicious” to violate your 4th amendment rights without repercussions. Since its inception, New York City’s stop and frisk program has drawn much controversy stemming from the disproportionate rate of arrest. While the argument that the program violates an

The stop, question, and frisk policy qualifies as a criminal justice issue that has captured the attention of public nationwide. Empirical research has presented evidence that the stop and frisk police is disproportionately used against minorities, which indicates the prevalence of racial profiling. Firstly, statistical databases have shown that the New York Police Departments have stopped and frisked approximately 685,000 persons since 2011, with 85 percent of those individuals representing African Americans and Latino Americans (Zamani, 2012). Many of the individuals are male. The statistical representation, unaccompanied, speaks volumes that the racial profiling is prevalent in the practice. The racial profiling of minorities violates the constitutional rights of the individuals that are stop and frisked based on their skin color.

The history of stop and frisk began in 1968 and ended in 2013. Stop and frisk began with the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and New York v. Peters. The Supreme Court’s decision was made on legal grounds to stop with reasonable suspicion, question, and if necessary, frisk for weapons.

Subsequently, it leads to their over-policing. This concept revolves around the notion that police do their jobs ‘too well’ and uses excessive force in confrontations with certain groups (Porat, 2008:416). It is ultimately the personification of racial profiling. Wortley and Bempah’s study (2011:397) shows that racial profiling is a grave problem that black Torontonians face, as 57% respondents believed that it is a major problem. This statistic is reinforced in the same study as 47% of blacks perceived their encounters with police as unfair, in contrast to just 12% of Whites (Wortley & Bempah, 2011:400). They were not given a thorough or specific reason for their stops, as they reported that they faced hostility and disrespect in their encounters.

Stop and Frisk, originally originated from broken window policing which is to reduce crimes in neighborhoods, to restore order and reducing violent crimes within a persons community. The stop and frisk policy is actually part of the fourth amendment that requires a police officer to have a reasonable doubt that a crime is being, has being or is about to committed before even stopping a person or suspect for interrogations. If the police officer believes that the suspect is armed or suspicions or nervous about something related to a crime than they are allowed under the law to frisk the suspecting suspect. They do this by patting down a person from top to bottom on the outside of their clothing to feel if any weapon is being hidden upon the person.

Carding, in Toronto is the police practice of obtaining information from questioning people. It is prejudice and predates an era of segregation and racism. Carding, disproportionally affects African-Canadians. It has been statistically proven to show the

Stop and frisk has two components that define the stop element as well as the frisk element. The stop element is defined as when a law enforcement officer briefly detains an individual, and the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe a crime has occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur, and ask questions of the individual regarding a preliminary investigation and excludes the requirement of probable cause (Bethel, 2015). Furthermore, the frisk element may be conducted if the officer has reasonable suspicion the individual has a weapon, and is performed as a limited pat-down search of the outer clothing on the individual detained by the officer (Bethel, 2015). If a weapon is discovered, the officer is authorized to conduct a more in-depth investigation.

The police procedure stop and frisk is a highly controversial topic in society. In order for the officer to initiate the procedure, he or she needs reasonable suspicion or probable cause that meet minimal legal requirements. People that have been stop and frisked may wonder if the procedure is discriminatory towards race, since a majority of people stopped are minorities, or if the procedure is against ones constitutional rights that are protected by the amendments, or if the procedure is effective in reducing crime rates. Citizens may feel that being stopped and frisked by an officer is against the constitutional rights they have as people. The reason an officer initiates this procedure is to hopefully reduce crime rates in the long term. Officer’s need probable cause in order to initiate the procedure. The top five reasons for the stop and frisk practice to occur include “high crime areas, time of day fits the crime incident, fugitive movements by the suspect, casing victim or location, and proximity to the crime scene” (Avdija 27). Under those circumstances a person is more likely to be stopped by an officer. One may ask; What is the stop and frisk procedure? What are the minimum legal requirements needed to initiate a stop and frisk? Is the stop and frisk procedure discriminatory towards race? Is the stop and frisk procedure unconstitutional? Does the procedure actually reduce crime rates? Suspects involved in a stop and frisk procedure do have constitutional rights, but

Stop and frisk is the police practice of stopping people on the street, questioning them, and if needed also frisking(searching)them. Frisking someone is permitted by law when officer thinks that the person could be armed. A stop may result in an arrest if officer thinks that the person could be armed and there is even a slight evidence of criminal activity. Stop and frisk illustrates the conflict between controlling crime and maintaining the civil rights granted in the US constitution. It is a common, but a reduced problem in urban areas. The former mayor of the NYC, Michael Bloomberg has taken many measures to reduce crime. Stop and frisk is just one of the measures, but it is perhaps the most controversial. This practice is already stopped

Gun violence has been a great issue in America throughout the years. Although there are many procedures and regulations that attempt to keep gun control in effect, it has not been enough to completely rid unlawfully owned weapons and its violence. One of these procedures is known as “stop and frisk,” which means to stop a person and thoroughly pat down their outer clothing if the person is suspected to be armed and dangerous. This procedure is often used by police officers when attempting to confiscate illegal weapons. But many question if “stop and frisk” alone is an effective and acceptable way in dealing with America’s problem of gun violence. Since problems such as gang violence, assault, robbery, and overall crime usually involving guns are still occurring today, it is believed that “stop and frisk” isn’t an effective

In addition to the pervious studies conducted in Canada, Discrimination or “Good” Good Policing? The Racial Profiling Debate In Canada. Canadian cities law enforcement officers in Toronto, Montréal and Halifax only seem to be targeting African American drivers, stopping and searching their car, and questioning them for simply driving while black. Researchers conducted a longitude study that started in the year 1995 and ended in 2000, recent issues relating to racial profiling in Toronto in the African American community have reached a boiling. Studies consistently show that African Americans are once again the main targets and overly looked at when it comes to suspicious activities, consistently searched to see if they are in possession

Abuse of power and discrimination are bound to happen when people are given the position of authority over others. This happens in businesses, households, and in the police force. The corruption and abuse of policing is a serious problem facing many people living in the world today. But in countries that are less developed there is an abundance of power abuse and corruption especially over the poor and marginalized who fall within the lowest quintile of income (Agbiboa). The corruption is easier to see in the underdeveloped country, but the fact that it happens in other places means that it is just as possible to happen here in the United States.

Technology is changing the world in many different ways. It is helping everybody do things a lot easier and safer. One of the ways it is changing is that people can do things a lot faster. Police use technology to communicate with each other, to help search for things and people, and to be safer/smarter.