Potential Advantages Of Nanotechnology

Targeted therapy, which first became available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact on the treatment of cancer. Currently, because of advancement in the field of technology, various types of therapies are discovered to treat cancer. In this essay, targeted therapy is defined as a therapy in which various drugs or other substances are used to recognize and kill the cancerous cells without harming the normal cell (National cancer institute, 2014). Effectiveness refers to the degree in

Hugh Savagè has liver cancer. Chemotherapy failed, surgery failed. In a last ditch attempt to save his own life, Hugh signs up for a miracle trial using nanotechnology. In this trial, the widely-used chemotherapy drug Epirubicin was attached to nanodiamonds (carbon structures with a diameter of about five nanometres) to cultivate a nanodiamond-Epirubicin drug delivery complex (EPND). Researchers have found that while both the usual Epirubicin and EPND are capable of killing normal cancer cells, only EPND is capable of killing chemo resistant cancer stem cells and preventing secondary tumour formation in xenograft models of liver cancer.

Nanobots are invented to solve problems concerning cancer. Uncontrolled mitosis leads to cancer which have higher tendency to happen when mechanism that controls the cell is distrupted. In 2012, according to the World Health Organization, cancer is one of the leading cause of fatal. In Canada, approximately 30% of deaths are caused by cancer and abouy 191,300 new cases of cancer are expected in the year 2014. Annually, 14.1 milllon of new cases were reported while globally, there were 8.2 billion of deaths. Cancer cells need to compete with normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrient and energy for growth. Cancer cells divide out of control and are able to able to spread to other cell, tissue and organ which will result in malfunction and death.

Cancer has become an epidemic across America. About 13 million Americans have cancer and a little over 1 million are diagnosed every year. For years Oncologist have been looking for treatments to cure this horrible disease(American Cancer Society, 2013). Chemistry has such a major impact on the research of cancer. The chemistry within Oncology & Cancer Research has greatly increased our knowledge and capabilities for developing new treatments or actually finding a significant cure (American Cancer Society,2013). This paper is explaining how chemistry is used to seek out cancer cells, treat, and also inform how the different chemicals are affecting our body.

Anthracyclines antitumour antibiotics are capable to inflict the action of topoisomerase involved in DNA replication which inhibits mitotic and disrupt cells proliferation. Doxorubicin (DOX, with the commercial name of Adriamycin) is one of anthracycline and is a potent FDA-approved chemotherapy drug with the great efficiency to combat cancerous cell dividing [1]. Doxorubicin has been acknowledged to treat various types of cancers as well as breast cancer, bone marrow cancer, osteosarcoma and others for several decades that its ability limited by adverse side effect and unpredictable toxicity on normal cells leads to reduce immune cells and also extremely cardiotoxicity. Patients become more susceptible to infections [2]. For this reason, nanoparticles

Cancer is very common throughout the United States and has shown increase numbers of cancers around the world. As the term cancer is referred to the condition where the body's cells begin to grow and reproduce in an uncontrollable manner. Cancer cells are able to invade and destroy healthy tissue, including organs. As cancer cells can sometimes begins in one part of the body before spreading throughout the entire body systems. Cancer was never a high-priority disease and was often pushed to the side due to the fact that there was no treatment, harsh conditions, and low diagnosis; but today's century we have the technology to overcome cases and able to handle them and find treatments for various cancers. There are many types of cancers that

Some new advances in science and technology opens up new opportunities in the fight against cancer, not only to treat the disease, but also to treat many forms of cancer permanently.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death today. There are a variety of different treatments for cancer such as surgical removal, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation. Chemotherapy is the most common approach it kills the cancer cells by drug toxicity or preventing cell division (Jabir et al., 2012). The issue with Chemotherapy is that it is rarely successful. The radiation approach kills cancerous cells, but it also damages the surrounding healthy cells. However, newer techniques are being developed to just attack the cancerous cells. There is a need to find a cancer treatment approach that does not kill the healthy cells along with the cancerous cells. The answer to solving this challenge lies in the successful application of

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. As a deadly disease that attacks the human body when some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spreads to the surrounding area, a definite cure has yet to be found. In 2008 approximately 7.6 million people died of cancer, about 13% of all deaths worldwide. (World Health Organization) The field of oncology, the study and treatment of tumors, continues to grow because of the growing need to find a cure for this brutal disease that claims so many lives. As a terminal disease to the body, there are many different types of cancer so there are also different types of treatment. However, to win the fight against cancer, detection and early treatment are equally vital

But today, we propose for Nanomedical robots, since they will have no difficulty in identifying the target site cells even at the very early stages which cannot be done in the traditional treatment and will ultimately be able to track

The efficient delivery of drugs and energy to tumors faces several difficulties and obstacles that need to be overcome for effective cancer treatment. Nanoparticles administrated through intravenous injections accumulate at a tumor site due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, but only a small quantity of the injected particles can actually “reach the tumor” (Su et al, 2016). The majority of the nanoparticles interact with “cancer cells at the periphery of a tumor” which presents a “physiological barrier” that prevents most of the injected particles from reaching the tumor (Su et al, 2016). In addition to this barrier, there is also another significant obstacle, “cancer-associated fibroblasts”, which can also

Gold nanoparticles have shown great prospect for brain tumour treatment, however for the drug to be delivered by the nanoparticle for PDT it must stay in the body long enough to accumulate at the tumour site. A possible issue which may be encountered with the strategy discussed is the elimination of the nanoparticle and the target agent by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and via renal clearance.

This technology gives the new directions in research, patenting, education and also in technology transfer related to different field. Out of different field one area is ‘naomedicine drug delivery’ in which the development is progressing more rapidly. This sector belongs to the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery. In this sector hundreds of products related to nanotechnology based are available in the market and more products will be come in next decade

In addition to peptides, protein-based ligands such as Affibody proteins have been utilized for tumor targeting. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Affibody protein (e.g., Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907, amino acid sequence: Ac-CVDNKFNKEMWAAWEEIRNLPNLNGWQMTAFIASLVDDPSQSANLLAEAKKLNDAQAPK-NH2) is used to target EGFR that is overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. Cheng and co-workers used anti-EGFR Affibody protein as tumor-targeting ligand on 64Cu–Au-IO nanoparticles (PET component: 64Cu, MRI component: iron oxide, specific for EGFR) surface.[63] In their work, A431 tumor cells were subcutaneously implanted in the right shoulders of nude mice; and 64Cu-NOTA-Au-IONP-Affibody nanoparticles were administered via tail vain injection. Rather low resolution PET image showed that these nanoparticles were taken by EGFR positive A431 (human epithelial carcinoma cell line) cells reaching 4.6% ID/g at 24 h after injection, significantly higher than that obtained from the blocking experiment (1.9% ID/g) indicating the specificity of the probe. This difference in % ID/g values corroborated with 44% drop in MRI signal intensity that was observed for the tumor. In this study, the use of an Affibody protein as ligand for EGFR-expressing tumor in small animals was demonstrated to be successful; however, the benefit of multimodality was not demonstrated. The unique chemistry of this dumbbell-shaped Au–IO nanoprobe could pave the way for targeted drug delivery into EGFR-expressing tumors

The National Institutes of Health began the U.S. National Nanomedicine Initiative program in 2005 by developing a national network of Nanomedicine Development Centers. “The two major goals of NIH Nanomedicine Initiative are: 1) understand how the biological machinery inside living cells is built and operates at the nanoscale and, 2) use this information to re-engineer these structures, develop new technologies that could be applied to treating diseases, and/or leverage the new knowledge to focus work