Study Design: Case-Control Study
Title: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: A prospective study
Journal: The Lancet
Numerous epidemiological studies infer that cardiovascular complications have a directly proportional relationship with obesity in children. The study I chose however, has gone deeper by observing arterial changes as well as its relationship to cardiovascular risk in children who are obese. One of the reasons this study design was chosen by the author comes from a 55-year cohort study which evaluated the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in adults who were overweight in their adolescent years. The study showed that of the adults evaluated, the adults with obesity in their adolescent years had an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardio vascular disease, regardless of their weight classification as an adult. What these studies did not observe however, were the pathological changes that take place in the cardiovascular system, and even more specifically how obesity-associated artherogenesis develops during the adolescent years. Fortunately, with the development of new technology, different echo tracking procedures could be used to observe the pathological function of the carotid and brachial arteries and children. These new echo tracking techniques are noninvasive and can be used to determine if overweight children show early pathological
Obesity is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Obesity often begin in childhood and is linked to many psychological problems such as asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. Childhood obesity is related to increased mortality and morbidity in adulthood as many obese children grow up to become obese adults (Johnson, 2016). In the last 30 years, childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents. In the United States, the percentage of children aged six to eleven years who were obese seven percent in 1980 has increased to eighteen percent in 2012. In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height, whereas obesity is having excess body fat. Childhood obesity can lead both immediate and long term effects on health and well-being. Obese children are likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. A population based sample of five to seventeen year old shows 70% obese children have at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Obese children and adolescents are at risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems such as poor self-esteem and stigmatization. Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, stroke, type 2
Cardiovascular disease is any disease that relates to structural compromises or an obstruction of the blood vessels. Two of the most common types of cardiovascular disease involve obstructions of the arteries or the thinning of the arteries causing an increase in blood pressure. According to the American Heart Association’s article, a 14 year study found that a body mass index of twenty three to twenty five showed an increase in coronary heart disease of fifty percent. Also men from the ages of forty to sixty five with a body mass index of twenty five to twenty nine showed an increase of seventy five percent in risk for coronary heart disease. With increased weight comes
Over a third of Americans are obese and it is ongoing. Being young does not exclude your heart and other organ from being affected from eating bad and becoming obese. Preschoolers these days even have high cholesterol levels. Researchers followed a group of people for 28 years, from children to adults, those children that were obese stayed obese and now have heart problems. Data has been seen that obesity in children causes life threatening heart problems. Several MRIs were done on 20 people and the data turned out to be bad for the obese, they have enlarged unhealthy hearts and their blood pressure was not normal, compared to the healthier people. Childhood obesity can catch up to you later in life but it also can consume your life as a child (“Enlarged hearts found in obese children: MRI scans reveal signs of cardiac disease in young children”). The determinants of childhood obesity are food, exercise, and tv. These thing are core problems that lead children to become overweight. Focus needs to become more on the food you eat, the physical activity you do and the lifestyle you live. It all boils down to how much you care to eat healthy and be active (“CDC Grand Rounds: Childhood Obesity in the United
There is a new epidemic that is hitting America by storm in this day and age. It is a serious concern that can lead to serious health problems, social ostracism and, if left untreated, fatality. This disease is obesity, more specially child and teenage obesity in America which statistics show has reached an alarming 2.5 million for children ranging from 2 to 19. This teeming number is continually increasing and as a result, children are at an increased risk for diseases traditionally correlated with adults such as heart disease and Type II diabetes. Sadly enough, this can and will shorten the life span of children if measures are not taken. Now, there are many unknowns as to the actual causes of teen obesity and not just gluttony or
Childhood obesity in the United States has reached an alarming prevalence, this serious epidemic, which directly correlates to several health concerns. The future lies in the hands of today’s children and the first priority ought to be the empowering America's youth. Research is centered on treatment, however the point of convergence ought to be counteractive action. Two-thirds of Americans are obese or overweight, not to mention that the number of obese adults has double within the last thirty years. Furthermore, twenty five million children in the United States are currently obese or overweight. These children are at an increased risk for diseases, which incorporate diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, just to give some examples. It
children during the childhood and adolescence are at a higher risk of developing high cholesterol, hypotension, respiratory ailments, orthopedic problem, depression and type2 diabetes as a youth. One disease is particular causes more concern Type 2 diabetes, which ids link to overweight and obesity has increased dramatically particularly in African American and Hispanic/ Latino population. During 1997-1999 the hospital cost alone for childhood obesity were estimated to be at 127 million and up 35 million constantly by2001. when you looked at the long -term consequence, overweight adolescents have 70 percent chance of becoming overweight or obese adult. Obesity in adulthood increase the risk of diabetes, high
Obese children and adolescents are at risk for health problems during their youth and as adults…and are more likely to have risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and Type 2 diabetes) than are other children and adolescents. (CDC)
Studies have shown that once children become overweight or obese, they have a greatly increased chance to stay overweight or obese into adulthood (4), and as a result, have an increased risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (5), a variety of cancers (including bowel, breast, prostate, and oesophagus cancers) (6), and asthma (7). These conditions are rarely evident in childhood, but develop later on in life, typically beyond 35 years of
The video emphasizes the importance of eating right and managing a normal weight in children due to the increased risks of becoming obese with poor nutrition. A child who is diagnosed as obese has a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiac issues, stroke, and psychological problems later on in life. Prevention recommendations are available through the American Academy of Pediatrics website as well as local healthcare professionals. This disease can be controlled early in life with the practice of healthy habits that can include the choices of food, physical activity, and overall education on the dangers of obesity.
In addition to these immediate health consequences, they are much more likely to develop weight-related problems as adults. Obese children often have risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes abnormal glucose tolerance, high cholesterol levels and elevated blood pressure (Bryan et al., 2013). In a sample of 5-to 17-year-olds, almost 60% of overweight children had at least one CVD risk factor and 25% of overweight children had two or more CVD risk factors (National Center for Health Statistics, 2011).
Along with Skiffy, Heart Disease is also a factor in obesity. Patients with heart disease are more prone to obesity because of physical activity restrictions. Stefen et al found that “children who were of normal weight at baseline became obese after their activity had been restricted”(Babaoğlu et al
Today, about one in three American kids and teens is overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity in children more than tripled from 1971 to 2011. Among children today, obesity is causing a broad range of health problems that previously were not seen until adulthood. These include high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and elevated blood cholesterol levels. There are also psychological effects. Obese children are more prone to low self-esteem, negative body image and depression. Childhood obesity is now the number one health concern among parents in the United States, topping drug abuse and
While most people have heard of strokes, many don't know the importance of your carotid artery in causing a stroke. It's important for everyone to understand the signs of carotid artery disease and how to reduce the risk of it leading to a stroke.
Childhood obesity is also an excellent predictor of adult health and is related to adult levels of blood pressure, insulin levels, and morbidity from coronary heart disease. Children who are overweight early in life also tend to become more obese as adults when compared to people who became obese after childhood (Freedman, 2001).
When speaking of her 8-year old daughter's obesity, a prideful mother replies "Oh it's no big deal, she just still has her baby fat." Unfortunately, chances are that the daughter's obesity is not caused by her baby fat, but can be contributed to a combination of diet, genetics, and a sedentary lifestyle. Studies show that obesity among children 6-17 years of age, has increased by 50% in the last 20 years, with the most dramatic increase seen in children ages 6-11 (Axmaker, 1). This obvious epidemic has raised great concern in the medical community because widespread childhood obesity has increased the prevalence of the once rare juvenile diabetes and pediatric hypertension (Bastin, 45). This concern has prompted intense investigation