Prevention and Control of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Essay

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon in which germs evolve to be able to resist the action of drugs. This causes illnesses that were once easily curable with antibiotics to become dangerous infections, requiring alternative medications or higher doses. With millions of deaths increasing every year, antibiotic resistance has become one of the world's most pressing public health problems. This essay will explain the key causes of the emergence of resistant bacteria, including antibiotic misuse, inappropriate prescribing and availability of few new antibiotics, and outline relevant effects of antibiotic resistance.

The standard precautions are implemented at all times to decrease the risk of transmitting infectious agents. Assuming that all patients could carry an infection, this minimises the potential spread of HAI’s. These standard precautions include routine hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, safe handling and disposure of sharps and routine environmental cleaning.4,5 In this situation, where blood is present, this is considered a biohazard. Hand hygiene must be performed before touching the patient, before and after any procedures or exposure to bodily substances and after touching the patient or any of the patient’s surroundings. The use of Personal protective equipment should be used when attending to the patient. This includes protective eye wear, a surgical mask and an apron for protection from any splashes or sprays of blood generated by the patient. Gloves should also be worn for single use only when coming in contact with open skin and bodily fluids. To minimise the spread of blood, the bystander with visibly soiled hands should also be advised to thoroughly clean them with soap and

Health care providers and visitors are required to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow strict hand hygiene procedures. Contaminated rooms, surfaces, and laundry items are properly disinfected to prevent the spread of MRSA. In addition to policy and procedures, patient teaching is also helpful for preventing exposure and spread of MRSA. As aforementioned earlier, hand hygiene is key to prevent exposer or transmission of the bacteria. To properly wash your hand effectively, first scrub hands rapidly for at least 15 seconds. Next, use a disposable towel to dry them and another towel to turn off the faucet. In addition, hand sanitizer that contains 62 percent or more of alcohol may be an adequate substitute when the individual does not have access to soap and water (Mayo Clinic Staff,

Throughout my life, adults have insisted the use of antibiotics to fight against the most inconsequential illnesses, whether it’s the cold or the flu. However, neither illness is due to invasion of bacteria. This misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance(AMR), currently one of the central issues facing the public health system. While the process for antibiotic resistance occurs naturally through the process of adaptation, the mismanagement of antibiotic resources has accelerated the rate at which the bacteria adapt. The occurrence of this misinformation isn’t limited to a few adults: even some of my peers suggest taking antibiotics when faced with the flu. This leads to asking whether AMR is truly a problem and are present regulations enough to combat the issue.

Consequently, by necessary control measures such as high standard of hand hygiene techniques, wearing proper PPE, isolation of the infected resident, safe handling of the needles, proper waste disposal, environmental cleaning and proper disinfecting (Cole, M.,2012, Crisp & Taylor, 2013, Nazarko, L Cole, M.,2012, Green. D, 2015, NHMRC).Furthermore, the staff play an important role in this chain of infection so it is vital to ensure with the precaution and measures are followed. Organize for the possibility of early detection, precaution and necessary treatment to challenge the outbreak. Finally, It is possible to reduce the rate of infection and duration by breaking the chain of

Similar to the majority of living organisms, bacteria are able to adapt and change depending on their environment. Contrary to other larger living organisms such as humans, bacteria are able to transform and multiply at a more rapid pace, allowing these microorganisms to evolve and become resistant to medications that are commonly used to treat them such as antibiotics. These altered bacteria are oftentimes referred to as “super bugs” as they are unaffected by typical treatments involving the use of antibiotics (NIH, n.d.). Two highly infectious examples of these bacteria are Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE). In the physical therapy setting, physical therapist and physical therapist assistants

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

aureus that is resistant to many antibiotics. MRSA is unable to be killed by all beta-lactam

In-spite of comprehensive efforts to control the spread of mul¬tidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), the incidence of infections attributed to drug resistant microbes is rising considerably. Infections caused by these resistant microbes have resulted in significant deterioration in clinical outcomes, including an increased death risk and cost of treatment, mostly attributable to increased LOS of patient.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics are no longer effective in controlling bacterial growth. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance can be explained by the processes of selective pressure in which the strongest strains of bacteria survive antibiotic therapy, resulting in "superbugs" that are resistant to almost every type of antibiotic available for use (Davies & Davies, 2010). Because of this, certain bacterial infections are evolving that have no effective treatments. This resistance creates a threat to the common medicinal practices of today and can be seen as a global problem; perhaps one of the world's most serious problems. The issue of antibiotic resistance is emerging rapidly as a result of a myriad of uniformed practices and misuse of antibiotics.

There are 2 types of S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA). MRSA is a bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams, while MSSA is not (CDCgov, 2017). The study conducted by Motofsky, 2011, concluded that the number of

Dr. H. Scott Hurd, author of, “The Other Side of Antimicrobial Resistance” is writing to contradict thought that antibiotic-resistance is becoming a complete global threat. (2012) the article gives several counter claims that lead you in a different mindset than simply health care precautions. The author talks about foodborne illness been linked to antibiotic resistance in modern medicine, also about the important knowledge that can be taken away from antibiotics when researching HIV/AIDS, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), and hospital-acquired infections through research and development. The author is showing the readers that there is another side, such as, not needing to be concerned about resistance to any antibiotics because scientist and others have an understanding of certain guidelines when it comes to the patients’ health. Therefore, each excuse people are giving to support the claim antibiotic-resistance is a threat to people. He states in his writing, “As soon as an antibiotic is first used, resistance begins to develop.” He is wanting to imply in his message that even though over-prescribing is a big factor, even as simple as the first time an antibiotic is prescribed it is having effects on the patient. However, according to the Mayo Clinic, in “Antibiotics: Misuse Puts You and Others at Risk” it infers the overuse or misuse of antibacterial drugs can make resistance develops even faster, causing an epidemic before scientists can find a

If one were still not convinced of the legitimacy of the issue, then perhaps a licensed doctor of over two decades could make things clear. Melissa Dennison agreed to an interview over drug resistant bacteria, and when asked of drug resistant bacteria, she said, “There is a huge increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria. This is a very serious problem.” With first-hand knowledge and experience dealing with sick children, Dr. Dennison has seen a shift in prescribing methods reflecting a growing consciousness of the overuse of antibacterial drugs. She stated in the interview that intelligent doctors know to use antibacterial drugs sparingly,

The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).

An incredible and incorrigible oversight has transpired in the scientific community which has overlooked the review and research of Multidrug resistance (MDR) relative to pathogenic bacteria and their ability in developing resistance against what should be lethal doses of pharmacological drugs, which are lethal to bacteria without resistance. More than half a century ago, to the tune of 88 years, Alexander Fleming (1945 Nobel prize recipient) cautioned his peers about abuse of antibiotics with the introduction of penicillin. And yet even as early as the 1970s a clear majority of “experts” assumed the war on infectious diseases was won, such as when the Surgeon-General stated it was time to “close the book” on infectious disease. I can forgive ignorance but not arrogance, and I disdain apathy and as such it is with much exoneration and adoration that I can respectfully say that most recently the United Nations, on September 2016, has issued a point to prevent the misuse of antibiotics and to reinvestigate how to successfully combat bacterial pathogens. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also been on board with unraveling the mechanisms associated with bacterial resistance. A few topics of note are the bacterial MDR efflux pumps (EP) which are a determinant factor, having an array of physiological functions expressed by efflux genes. These genes are regulated by multiple systems, to which a promising efflux inhibitor may soon inflict a state which these EP will be