Primordial Soup Hypothesis

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

According to Margulis, the pre-eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, but rather than digest and kill the bacterium, a symbiotic relationship was born. This relationship, the aerobic bacterium provided energy through ATP and the eukaryotic cell provided an environment to live while protecting the new symbiont from harm in environmental factors such as oxygen. Because almost all living eukaryotes have a mitochondria, it is safe to assume that this event happened before plants and animals split in the evolutionary lineage.After this first evolutionary leap came a

Stanley Miller started the idea that life could have started when carbon and other ingredients combined. He assembled a contraption made out of flasks and tombs in the lab. He fill one flask with gases to represent Earth's primitive atmosphere and connected that to another flask with water to represent the ocean. He put an electric charge through that.simulated lightning going through early atmosphere. After a couple of day, all this brown goo all over the reaction vessel. He said, now he had amino acids in the vessel. Amino acids are compounds that are form when carbon and other elements linked together. They are building block of protiens and cell, which were vital ingredients of all living things. His experiment showed that life can be formed in the harsh condition of early earth.

Ribosomes then started copy themselves into cell-like structure with a thin membrane and cytoplasm. Eventually, cells starting storing DNA. Lateral transfer diversified the cells genetic makeup. From this community of cells came the three domains, known as bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea. Bacteria and archaea are together called

Researchers at Heinrich Heine University sought out characteristics of LUCA, which stands for the last universal common ancestor. They found, through gene family analysis, that LUCA was a microbe that lived when the Earth had little to no oxygen. In fact, its metabolism implies that it was an organism that thrived in higher than normal temperatures and consumed hydrogen gas. From this information, scientists predicted that an environment near hydrothermal vents would have allowed LUCA to become successful, as it provides the sources of hydrogen gas and heat. These findings were published in July of 2016 in Nature Microbiology (Service, 2016).

Chemical evolution is the main exploratory clarification for the birthplace of life. Like every scientific theory, the hypothesis of chemical evolution has an example part that makes a case about the common world and a procedure segment that clarifies that patter. The example part is that notwithstanding little atoms, complex carbon-containing substances exist and are needed forever. The procedure part is that in Earths early history, straightforward concoction mixes consolidated to frame more mind boggling carbon-containing substances before the advancement of life. The hypothesis keeps up that inputs of vitality prompted the development of progressively complex carbon-containing substances, coming full circle in an intensify that could recreate

The topics I read about in the first couple of chapters was about the understandings of evolution and DNA. The author pointed out many times the reasons he created his book throughout chapter 1 but other then that it explains some characteristics in a gene which is selfishness and altruism. As the story progresses into chapter 2 the author begins to talk about primordial soup and where life began. The theory of primordial soup is when all of life began in the ocean or some sort of liquid form. I find this theory to be very fascinating as I have always wondered, like many others, how life came to be on earth and this theory demonstrates a very likely and understandable possibility. He starts to teach us of why sexual reproduction is preferable

25. The formation of a phospholipid bilayer membrane around a set of macromolecules was an important step in the origin and early evolution of life. What two advantages of such a system are thought to have allowed the first cells to grow and evolve? (1) The membrane forms a (semipermeable) barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment, and (2) it allows a cell to grow and evolve as a unit, instead of existing as isolated molecules.

The "warm little pond” is a theory that many modern biologist believe all life originated from. Whilst there had been plenty of theories prior to Darwin’s on the origin of life, his was the first that proposed an explanation that is consonant with the larger picture of evolution of life on earth. Darwin’s theory of “the warm little pond” stipulates that life originated in shallow bodies of water that contained very simple chemicals present in early earth. Adding the presence of an energy source such as heat, light or electricity, Darwin believed that life could form. The most significant test of this theory was the Urey-miller experiment in the 1950’s. This involved sending an electrical current through a sealed flask containing a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water which were all the chemicals thought to be present in very early earth. At the conclusion of the experiment, two percent of the carbon had formed amino acid 13 of which that are used to make proteins

Oparina/Miller hypothesis theorized was because of absence of free oxygen, chemicals, and so on could shape inorganic mixes for emerged on this planet.

For example, in 1865 zoologist Thomas Huxley claimed Bathybius haecklii was a type of primordial ooze that lived on the deep

Stromatolite forms and is the first organisms on the earth they were formed by very thin layers of single-celled organisms.

Although both abiotic synthesis and the deep-sea vent hypotheses argue the environment of a primordial-Earth was required for the origin of life, the two hypotheses have their differences. In general, the abiotic synthesis hypothesis describes the process of how organic compounds can be created from inorganic compounds, while the deep-sea vent hypothesis argues a possible scenario where life may have originated from inorganic compounds. While the term “primordial soup” has been used to describe abiotic synthesis, the same term has been used to describe the extreme environment surrounding hydrothermal vents. In Stanley Miller’s experiment, Bada and Lazcano (2008, p.745) argue, Miller showed abiotic synthesis took place by introducing an electric current to a circulating mixture of pressurized “CH4, NH3, H20, and H2.” However, samples of both types of hydrothermal vents show different mixtures than that of Miller’s experiment. Although the LCHF lacks CO2, according to William Martin, John Baross, Deborah Kelley, and Michael J. Russell (2008, p.806) the compound was not used in Miller’s experiment, but the vent did release ample amounts of H2 and CH4, which were used in Miller’s experiment. Black smokers, on the other hand, give off H2, but also release CO2 and H2S (Martin et al., 2008, p.806). The two hypotheses agree that life on Earth originated around roughly 3.8 billion years ago. Another similarity between the two hypotheses is both argue the precursors of life are

Prof. Lee Cronin is trying to create evolving inorganic matter. Attempting to create life from non-living matter is extremely out of reach. Life is a miracle with every birth across the globe. We, as humans, will never know everything in the universe; yet, this fact does not stop us from learning everything we can. Basing anything on a theory has the possibility of being disproven with new information acquired each day.

It is not known how life came to be on the earth, but it is proven that it has evolved over time, and life is unified by a common ancestor. In the 1920s, a hypothesis was created by scientists Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane, that predicted that the first life forms were formed in an acidic primordial sea. Oparin believed that a string of of chemical reactions within an aquatic environment had led to the formation of coacervates. Coacervates are aggregates of organic polymers that have life like characteristics, but are not alive. When Oparin created coacervates, he used a couple different solutions of macromolecules to form these aggregates, and he discovered that the coacervates had a selectively permeable membrane.