Pro Inflammation

Inflammation normally occurs as a second response when damage tissues. Inflammation can occur immediately however

When tissue injury occurs, a network of chemical signals activate a host response which is designed to protect and heal the damaged tissues (i.e. inflammation) (Coussens & Werb, 2002). This process involves the activation and migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils) to the site of damage as well as recruitment of tissue mast cells (Coussens & Werb, 2002). Additionally, this inflammatory response involves migration of macrophage progenitors, which travel through the venous system to the site of injury. This migratory process is directed to the site of tissue damage by a host of chemotactic factors, among these are cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and

While inflammation is often viewed in a negative connotation, inflammation is actually an essential component of the healing process. Inflammation is commonly associated with pain, swelling, and redness; however, these effects are the body’s natural response to injury as blood and white blood cells move into the tissue and stimulate the repair process.2, 29 Therefore it is important to understand that even though certain molecular signals are traditionally identified as pro-inflammatory molecules, they are also critical molecules to support tissue regeneration through stimulation of reparative cells. Only when inflammation persists, as in chronic wounds, can it lead to tissue damage and prevent progression through the healing process. Therefore,

“The process by which tissue repair takes place is termed wound healing and is comprised of a continuous sequence of inflammation and repair, in which epithelial, endothelial, inflammatory cells, platelets and fibroblasts briefly come together outside their normal domains, interact to restore a semblance of their usual discipline and having done so resume their normal function”. ("The Cellular Biology of Wound Healing" 2016)

Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury. An injury to soft tissue can arise from numerous sources. Physical traumas such as sprain, strain or contusion are the most common. However, there could also be injuries from viral or bacterial infection, chemical, or heat injury. Trauma can cause direct damage to cells that are in the immediate area of injury, causing bleeding. From there, the bleeding causes a line of events in the inflammatory process that promote healing the injuries tissue.

Inflammation: Inflammation is the body’s response to an injury and an attempt at self-protection. It works to remove harmful substances such as damaged cells, irritants or pathogens. Signs of inflammation indicate that the body is trying to heal itself. There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is caused by a harmful bacteria or injury to tissue, whereas chronic inflammation is caused by non-degradable pathogens that cause persistent inflammation. Inflammation is a process by which tissue swells due to a rush of blood, fluid, and water to the sight of an injury. This swelling puts pressure on nerves causing pain. Inflammation can be helpful since it works to heal an injury and alerts us that a part of our

Inflammation is a rapid and complex reaction to an injurious agent that initiates a cascade of events which lead to vascular responses, neutrophil recruitment and activation, and multiple systemic reactions. The initiation of inflammation after an insult is exudation. Exudation is the localized hemodynamic changes that are critical to subsequent neutrophil emigration because selectin-mediated, low-affinity, endothelial adhesive interactions can only occur in the presence of shear forces exerted by hemoconcentration.

Inflammation is the body’s natural defensive system, it’s responsible for removing and or destroying any harmful stimuli and once the threat has been removed it initiates the healing process. However, if immune activity is unregulated it can transition to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a persistent and destructive process if prolonged chronic inflammation can promote malignant transformations and even carcinogenesis. In 1863 Rudolf Virchow was the first to suggest an association of chronic inflammation in the development of cancer (Landskron, Fuente, P. Thuwajit, C. Thuwajit, Hermoso, 2014). He hypothesized that cancer progresses from sites of chronic inflammation. Recent advancements over the last couple decades have provided evidence to support chronic inflammations role in tumourigenesis. As a tumour continues to grow and develop, the risk of metastasis increases, resulting in poor prognosis. If

The inflammation process begins by a response to any agent that causes cell injury or bacteria response. This could either be physical, chemical or microbiologic. Physical response is can either by to heat or cold. Concentrated acid or alkali are some examples of chemical response. Some examples of microbiologic response is bacterium or virus. After the inflammation response begins, the capillaries begin to dilate. The blood vessels begin to expand, which increases the blood flow. This causes the skin to increase in temperature and redness. Because of the dilation, the capillary permeability, a condition of the capillary wall structure that allows blood elements and waste products to pass through the capillary wall to tissue spaces, increases. The leakage of plasma causes the skin or affected area to begin to swell. White blood cells, leukocytes, begin to migrate to the site of injury. Polymorphonuclear is the most important cell. At this point in the inflammation process, the systemic response begins. This is a set of physiologic actions that fight the infection and heal wounds. Exudates are fluids and cells that filled the tissue space during inflammation. There are many different types of exudate: serous, purulent, fibrinous, hemorrhagic based, and purulent exudate. The last part of the inflammation process is the outcome. This depends on how

The inflammatory hypothesis of depression looks at an immunological causes of depression. One model is called the sickness behaviour which refers to the non-specific reaction to infection. Sickness behaviour is characterised by weakness, lethargy, malaise, inability to concentrate and reduced apatite. This symptomology is due to proinflammatory cytokines which have a very similar pathway to neurotransmitters ie serotonin indicating that more research is needed to fully explain causes of depression3.

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to infection and injury and has been implicated in the pathogeneses of arthritis, cancer and stroke, as well as in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease. It is an intrinsically beneficial event that leads to removal of offending factors and restoration of tissue structure and physiological function.

Inflammation generally begins with an acute phase characterized by extravasations of plasma fluid proteins and cells, in particular neutrophils. The function of these various factors includes the killing and elimination of microbes, debridement of necrotic tissue and eventually repair and possibly regeneration of damaged tissue. As the inflammation persists, changing from an acute to a chronic state, additional cellular players become involved, notably macrophages, mast cells, T-cells, B-cells, plasma cells, and eosinophils (10).

Also it serves as a model for studies of mechanisms of chronic inflammation. In addition it is increasingly a first-choice disease indication for studies of new pathogenesis based therapeutic strategies. The relevance of cutaneous versus systemic factors, and the role of genetic versus environmental influences on disease initiation, progression, and response to therapy (Saurat et al., 2008).

(v) 25ng/ml recombinant murine m-CSF (Life Technology) in 0.1%BSA (, which is the dPBS containing 0.1% BSA)

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to injury or infection. Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs, namely the redness, swelling, excessive heat, sometimes the loss of function, and mild to extreme pain. This process is the body’s attempt to protect us, to repair what was damaged and to begin its natural healing process. The symptoms will subside when that part of the body is healed.