INTRODUCTION
The Objectives.
This project is done based on of our few objectives. First, we want to precisely describe and introduce Paracetamol to the readers. Second is to know the history behind the usage of Paracetamol. Third, we want to uncover the ingredients of Paracetamol, including its chemical properties. Fourth, we’ll like to determine the functions and effectiveness of Paracetamol. Fifth is to determine the safe dosage of Paracetamol. Sixth, we will like to discuss about the pros and cons of consuming Paracetamol and whether it is more benefiting or damaging towards the human body. Seven is to find out the alternative solutions to Paracetamol and whether they are safe or not. Last but not least, we want to relate the topic of
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These two antipyretic agents are acetanilide and phenacetin. However, during this time, Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesized acetaminophen using the method of reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid. While this was first performed in 1873, the usage of acetaminophen in medical fields was not until the next two decades. In 1893, acetaminophen was discovered in the urine of individuals who had consumed phenacetin, and was turned into a white, crystalline compound with a bitter taste. In 1889, acetaminophen was found to be a metabolite of acetanilide, though the discovery was largely …show more content…
Bernard Brodie and Julius Axelrod were the ones who were assigned to the job. Their investigation revolved around the question of why non-aspirin agents were associated with the development of methemoglobinemia, a non-lethal blood condition. In 1948, they linked the use of acetanilide with methemoglobinemia and concluded that the analgesic effect of acetanilide was due to its active metabolite acetaminophen. They advocated the use of acetaminophen or Paracetamol, since it did not have the toxic effects of acetanilide. The product was sold first in the United States in 1955 with the name ‘Tylenol’. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of Paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom by the name ‘Panadol’, which was originally available only by prescription, for the relief of pain and fever. It was advertised as being gentle to the stomach, which made it different from other analgesic, especially aspirin. In 1963, acetaminophen was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical
Instead of approximately 28 mL of water being added, 140 mL of water was added. To correctly identify the compound, it was concentrated with nitrogen while the container was placed in a boiling water bath. After being concentrated enough, the experiment was able to continue. To confirm that the unknown was acetanilide, a comparison of the melting points between the acetanilide, phenacetin and the unknown was performed which led to confirming that the unknown was
Separation and Purification of the Components of an Analgesic Tablet. Cora Bruno, Lab Section E. Aspirin, Caffeine and Acetaminophen were separated from four analgesic tablets of Excedrin using extraction techniques. 5% wt/vol NaHCO3, 4M HCL, ethyl acetate and deionized water were used to separate the three active components. MgSO4 was used to dry each extraction. Aspirin was isolated using a hot water bath and weighed to determine the percent theoretical recovery and the actual percent recovery of aspirin. After separation, Aspirin (ASA), Caffeine (CAF), and Acetaminophen (ACE) were purified and identified using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Standards and purified ASA, CAF, and ACE were spotted on the silica gel (stationary phase) of the
Panacetin is an analgesic (pain reducing) and antipyretic (fever reducing) drug that is sold in drug stores. However, there is a suspicion that this bottle may be counterfeit, not containing the chemicals that it should. Panacetin should be made up of about 50 percent of the unknown component that we previously separated out of Panacetin for testing. We suspect that this unknown compound is either acetanilide or phenacetin, both of which can be toxic to humans. It is very important that this component is
Acetic Anhydride and p-Aminophenol were heated in a vial attached to an air condenser to synthesize crude acetaminophen, resulting in 0.097 grams (47.48% yield). The crude acetaminophen was then recrystallized in a solvent of water and methanol over heat resulting in 0.082 grams (39.61% yield) of pure acetaminophen. Melting points of both crude and pure acetaminophen were taken, and found to be 165.9 - 170.9°C and 168.2 - 171.5°C, respectively. The literature melting point of acetaminophen is 169.5 – 171.0°C, indicating that our final product was pure.
Anne is currently taking paracetamol for the pain in her wrist, within healthcare analgesia should always be monitored to assess whether it is achieving elimination of pain and should be adapted to the individual patient (Vargas-Schaffer, 2010). If paracetamol were not effective in eliminating Anne’s pain then practitioners should consider a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication [NSAIDS] or a mild opioid medication such as codeine as the next step (Vargas-Schaffer, 2010). However as Anne is asthmatic NSAID medication should be used with caution due to the risk of increased frequency of asthma attacks and breathlessness (Joint Formulary Committee, 2015); if Anne has taken NSAIDS before with no issue then this would be the next choice of analgesia followed by codeine if combined paracetamol and NSAID did not prove effective (Vargas-Schaffer,
Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects.
The purpose of this lab is to investigate the composition of a compound suspected to be Panacetin, a type of pain-killer. Panacetin is typically made up of sucrose, aspirin, and acetaminophen, but the third component in this experiment is unknown. The unknown component is suspected to be a chemical relative of acetaminophen, either acetanilide or phenacetin. Using techniques such as extraction, evaporation, and filtration, the three components will be isolated based on their solubilities and acid-base properties. Then, the percent composition of Panacetin can be deduced based on the masses of the three dried components. The
A mixture of opium and alcohol was designed back in 1680. However this formula would not surface and be marketed until the 1900's by the Bayer company in Germany as a method to combat the cough associated along with Tuberculosis. It was also used as a method to treat morphine addictions, that is until it was discovered that heroin itself was extremely
In late 1800s to 1916 pharmacists?, chemical manufacturers have foreseen a way to make a non-addictive opioid. Heroin, marketed by the Bayer Corporation of Germany in the 1890s, was originally at the beginning of this. After heroin?s ban in America, two German scientists created oxycodone. It was
In late 1800s to 1916 pharmacists?, chemical manufacturers have foreseen a way to make a non-addictive opioid. Heroin, marketed by the Bayer Corporation of Germany in the 1890s, was originally at the beginning of this. After heroin?s ban in America, two German scientists created oxycodone. It was
The availability of prescription painkillers has increased substantially, painkillers are drugs that deal with the nervous system, it blocks pain and the patient will feel a “high”. The most common prescribed drugs
| * 90% of customers uses aspirin based analgesics * Many of them are suffering from side effects such as upset stomach, irritation of the stomach lining, or an allergic reaction. * 10% of customers who generally visited doctors and who get prescription use acetaminophen thorough doctor’s recommendation.
Through the many years that Tylenol has been on the market, it has been a highly recommended analgesic by doctors. Reports show that doctors recommend Tylenol for
Codeine or methyl morphine, an alkaloid, was first isolated in 1832 from raw opium. It concentration ranges from 0.2% to 0.8%. Mostly used for its analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal capabilities (Tremlett, Anderson and Wolf, 2010). Paracetamol also known as acetaminophen (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) on the other hand, is a useful non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is commonly
The prescription painkiller drug, which was introduced in 1999, is called Vioxx. Vioxx was introduced by Merck and co. Vioxx served the purpose of being a painkiller in the relief of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, painful menstruation and other types of acute pain. This painkilling drug would be classified as a non-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs).