Psychology: Historical Foundations and Modern Perspectives
There have been many contributions over time from world-renowned philosophers and psychologists to the field of psychology, but the man referred to as the Father of Modern Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. He was the first person to become a psychologist, and he was the first person to organize a laboratory, which was at the University of Leipzig, that was specifically dedicated to studying behavioral and emotional characteristics of the mind. “Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control.” (Father of Psychology). During Wundt’s time, workings
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This good effect led to the cats repeating the action. Watson was considered the Father of Behaviorism; “behaviorism… is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe… responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions” (“An Overview of Behavioral Psychology”). His most famous experiment also involved animals, but the animals were not the main subject of the experiment. A baby boy, less than a year old, was not afraid of white rats at the beginning of the experiment, but by using classical conditioning, the appearance of white rats by the end of the experiment scared the baby. Any object that resembled white rats also scared the baby. B.F. Skinner was an important American psychologist that broadened Thorndike’s Law of Effect. Skinner worked with negative and positive reinforcements on white rats; the rats would have to perform a task, and if done correctly, they would be rewarded, which was the positive reinforcement. The negative reinforcement was when the rat had to perform a task in order to avoid a shock. The shock was the negative reinforcement. Skinner also introduced …show more content…
“The early years of psychology were marked by the domination of a succession of different schools of thought” (“The 7 Major Perspectives”). These days, it is rare for a psychologist to stick to the findings to one particular perspective; usually, psychologists tend to adhere themselves to a specialty field of psychology. There are seven modern perspectives of psychology: the psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, the cognitive perspective, the biological perspective, the cross-cultural perspective, the evolutionary perspective, and the humanistic perspective. “The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud” (“The 7 Major Perspectives”). This perspective stresses the importance of a child’s development and human interactions. Part of this perspective is Freud’s idea of id, ego, and superego. Id drives a person’s instincts and impulses to obtain what it wants, no matter how irrational. Superego is the part of personality that takes into consideration the opinions and needs of other people; it is the moral part of the brain. Ego is the compromiser between id and superego. “Behavioral psychology is a perspective that focuses on learned behaviors” (“The 7 Major Perspectives”). Behaviorism focuses on learned behaviors only; it is different from other perspectives, as it only studies behaviors that can be observed, not internal
Throughout the earlier years, psychology was known as, “the science of mental life” Initially, psychology began on a December day in 1879, at a local German university, by Professor Wilhelm Wundt. The experiment, was to determine the time in which it took an individual, whom initially heard a bell, to press a telegraph’s key in response to the sound omitted. Wundt’s attempt was aimed at measuring the “atoms of the mind”. A fast and simple approach towards the mental process of an individual’s reaction. Thus, solidify Wilhelm, within the birth of psychology, as
Classical Conditioning. Due to Pavlov’s success, Watson was inclined to do his own experimentation. His most famous, yet controversial, being on “Little Albert.” “Albert” was a child conditioned by Watson to be afraid of rats. Essentially, Watson would create a loud, banging noise. This would eventually lead to the fear of not just rats, but all fuzzy animals (John Watson - Little Albert, 2008).
Although psychologists have traditionally revered William Wundt as the founder of psychology, the historical reality is more complex.
Explain the reasons for the development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs.
The history of psychology is in infancy at the present time. Many philosophers can be credited to the development of this science. Starting in the early 18th and 19th centuries philosophers such as Rene’ Descartes and John Locke opened the world of what we know as psychology today. The British empiricists also contributed to psychology. Some of these men include David Hume and David Hartley.
Psychology is a branch of philosophy until the late 1870’s when it was developed in Germany and the United States as an independent scientific punishment. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory and dedicated it to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt was also the first person to be referred as a psychologists. Early sponsors to the psychology field are Hermann Ebbinghaus, who is the pioneer in the study of the memory. William James, who is the father of pragmatism. Ivan Pavlolv, who had develop the procedures that is associated with classical conditioning, which is the learning process which an innate responses to a stimulus that comes to be elicited in response to a neutral stimulus. In 1890, Hugo Munsterberg began writing the application of psychology to production, law and other fields. Also in 1890 Lightner Witmer had established the first psychology clinic.
By Richard Thripp for Prof. John Beltran, PSY 4604 sec. 0W58, Univ. of Central Fla., Sp. 2013
The concept of Psychology originated from philosophy and biology which are two factors used in psychology today (Eysenck 2009). Psychology represents ‘study of the mind’ (Gross 2005). Psychology is a type of science which studies the behaviour of humans and animals, psychology tries to understand why people behave in certain ways taking into consideration their thoughts and feelings (Eysenck 2009). The term psychology was founded from the Greek word, psyche which means mind, soul or spirit combined with the Latin word logos which means’ the study of’ (Gross 2005). Psychology dates back to ancient civilizations who were interested in workings of the the mind and behaviours (Payne and Walker 2003). Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879 (Glassman 2008). Wundt and his co workers studied the structures that make up the mind, he was the first theorist to use psychology as a self conscious experiment studying perceptions and conscious awareness (Gross 2005).
The study that John Watson is best known for was that of Little Albert. In this study, Watson and his assistant placed an infant, baby Albert, in a room along with a white rat. At first, Albert attempted to reach out toward the rat as it moved around him however soon after Watson slammed together two steel pipes creating a noise loud enough to scare Albert. After this initial scare, the pipes were hit together each time Albert would reach for the rat eventually resulting in his complete fear of the rat and anything that resembled it (Watson & Rayner, 1920). It was in this study that Watson was using a strategy of conditioning that would pair Albert with an unconditioned stimulus and then conditioning him to become fearful of this stimulus. Do to his research in the field, Watson became known as the founder of behaviorism.
Skinner (1948) was also influenced by Thorndike’s (1898) operant conditioning of cats and went on to use similar techniques to study conditioning in rats. Skinner studied how behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated, unlike behaviour that has a negative consequence. Skinner (1948) placed hungry rats in a ‘skinner box’ with a lever, when the lever was pressed, food was released and the rats soon learned that when they pressed the lever they would be rewarded. Skinner (1948) then placed rats in another box and administered them with an electric current. If the rats pressed the lever in this box it would stop the discomfort of the current. After repeating the rats quickly learnt to press the lever. Skinner (1948) argued that all human behaviour can be learned through operant conditioning (McLeod 2015).
Skinner’s theory explains how we acquire different learned behavior we exhibit daily. The work of psychologists Edward Thorndike greatly influences Skinner’s theory. Thorndike proposed what he called the law of effect. According to the principle, actions followed by desirable outcomes are likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are not likely to be repeated. During his boyhood,
The start of psychology as a discipline was a journey filled with uncertainty and codependence. After ongoing maturation its place was revealed independently within colleges and universities throughout America.
Within “Basic Writings in the History of Psychology” by Robert I. Wilson, there is an excerpt from John Locke. John Locke was an English philosopher who was one of the first to connect mechanical principles to ideas in psychology. Locke mostly discusses how ideas are a result of both experience and reflection, and the problems with our associations of ideas. There are a number of critical aspects within the excerpt that allows one to understand his ideas and position on the topic. Each critical aspect can be discussed in terms of what has been previously discussed in class.
The History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychology's history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placed in history and how they influenced research and determined the development of Psychology as its recognised today. Beginning with the philosophers Plato and Aristotle (between 428- 347) in ancient Greece, they began to ask
Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of Sigmund Freud, launched what is now modern psychology. Psychology and its research helped the world understand the inner workings of the mind and how it affects everyone around us.