Senegal is a country on the western most part of Africa, surrounded by Mauritania, Mali, Guinea Bissau, and Guinea. It also surrounds the small country of Gambia. The capital of Senegal, Dakar, is the most western part of the country and the continent. Being a sub-Saharan, western African country, Senegal is very dry and flat, having sparsely vegetated grasslands and sand covered plains without much in the way of hills or mountains. There are three main rivers in Senegal, the Gambia, the Casamance, and the Senegal, all of which sustain many towns and cities on their banks.
There are five major ethnic groups in Senegal; the Wolof, the Pular, the Serer, the Diola, and the Manding. Each is as distinct from one another as the Irish are from Russians.
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They are traditionally considered to be the nomads or travelers of Senegal, and much of West Africa. They mainly herd cattle and other livestock across the dry savannah of sub-Saharan West Africa. The Pular people have a unique trait about them as well, an important part of their lifestyle is their code of pulaaku or “Fulani Pathways.” These pathways are considered to be what make a Pular person Pular, as well as helping to maintain their cultural identities across borders and when interacting with other ethnic groups. Making up the pathways are the traits Munyal, Hakkiilo, Semteende, and Sagata, each one is characterized by a deep moral meaning. These meanings range from self-control and discipline to modesty and respect for others even if they are enemies, and from wisdom and hospitality to courage and hard …show more content…
It wasn’t until the French settled in the 17th century, however, did western influence start affecting the country. When the French took over Senegal, they changed the main crops grown by the Senegalese to cash crops like peanuts and rice. The people of Senegal went from a simple bartering system that was for the most part fair, to mercantilism serving the French empire. The French also introduced more patriarchal practices by taking the land from the women and having the men work it as indentured workers, paying them for only a small fraction. This caused a major shift in economic dependence in families and set Senegal on a very patriarchal path. Women no longer could own land and work it for themselves, and thus were forced to rely on the profits, now greatly reduced, of their husbands. In addition to the new ways of money is made in a family, colonialism introduced ideas about women’s bodies and sexuality that created a tradition of racial manipulation. Many Senegalese women have gone to such extremes, such as bleaching their skin, to achieve lighter skin tones that they are doing serious damage to their bodies . An equal number of theses women are also putting most of their extra money towards purchasing wigs to mimic western European
The years between the 1870’s and 1910’s brought a tremendous amount of change to Africa. This time period, known as the Scramble for Africa, was when Europeans invaded and colonized the African continent. Europeans at the time were much more technologically advanced than the natives because of the many revolutions that took place in Europe. Thus, they were for the most part very successful in their colonization; they were able to take over the entire continent, save Ethiopia. During and after this period of colonization, Europeans were as present and powerful as they’d ever been, thus inflicting their unfamiliar practices and ideas on societies in Africa. Even though Europe brought over their foreign knowledge and technology (like guns), they
Social Upheaval and Low Self Worth was another one of the major impacts of the European commercial activities on West Africa. As a result of the slave trade through raids and trade, there is no doubt concerning the social ills that plagued Western Africa. Many Africans were betrayed by their own political leaders
The French policy was not towards forced labor as the Portuguese policy but was more towards the assimilation of Africans. However, it turned out that it was too difficult to convince the Africans to give up their culture for French culture in 1926 only “48,000 out of 1,500,000 Senegalese” were assimilated. Still, Senegal “produced the first African man in the French Parliament.” In 1914, Blaise Diagne, who was an African, was elected to the French parliament. Also, around that time about 200,000 African were sent to fight in World War I. An interesting fact is that Africans in the trenches of Africa were considered as equals, but when they got back to Senegal they were met with the same racism that existed before the war. Also, the French design the economy of Senegal to export the cash crops of Senegal to France. This was similar to the other European colonies were the wealth of Africa was exported to Europe as raw material then sold back to the colonies for a profit. This economic cycle collapsed in 1929 when the “world depression” occurred. The world depression caused an “African economic crisis” because Europe was the only buyer. This causes many African companies to go bankrupt and now the people of
Africa has had a long and tumultuous road of colonization and decolonization the rush to colonize Africa started in the 17th century with the discovery of the vast amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber with colonization hitting a fever pitch during World War I. However, the repercussions of colonization have left deep wounds that still remain unhealed in the 21st century. Early on, European nations such as Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and Belgium scrambled for territories. Countries wanted land so they could harvest the resources, increase trade, and gain power. The European colonization of Africa brought racism, civil unrest, and insatiable greed; all of which have had lasting impacts on Africa.
European imperialism started as a source for raw materials and a way to gain advantages over their rival countries (Spielvogel and McTighe 226). Yet, the African countries being imperialized were impacted by this settlement in many positive ways (Spielvogel and McTighe 231). Europeans brought ideas of Westernization and influenced the societies that were not yet industrialized and ones that lacked the modern elements many European countries had acquired (Spielvogel and McTighe 235). Through the spread of western ideals and democracy, the people of Africa were inspired to pursue their own self-rule and continuation of the modernization that the European imperialists left behind on the continent. When European nations first imperialized the African
In the 19th century Europe underwent imperialism, Europe wanted to take control of different continents one of which was Africa to gain power, civilize the African people and grow the economy of Europe. With intentions to help, the Europeans moved to Africa in order to get the resources that were grown there forcing the Africans native to those regions to move to North and South America (Document 9). By 1885 the amount of people living in Africa had increased due to the amount of Europeans (Spielvogel and McTighe 234). The Europeans took resources and goods from Africa to sell and increase their capital. These reasons changed the way of life for the Africans making them adapt to the changes without being able to fight back. While imperialism
In the 19th and 20th centuries Europe was thriving and wealthy while most of their colonies in Africa were suffering under their rule. The Europeans all wanted a piece of Africa’s land with its plentiful resources and free labor. Around this time, Europe was going through the industrial revolution and because business was booming the European countries need more resources than they already had. The Africans had the land the Europeans wanted to use to continue having booming businesses, they also had African slaves and workers that they can use so they don’t have to pay for labor. In the 19th century leader of the Europeans countries want to discuss how they will divide Africa without the leaders of Africa knowing. The Europeans then started to invade Africa and take control over the citizens. As the Europeans got more powerful, the Africans become more miserable. Unable to match the guns Europe had, African countries began getting claimed, one by one with the exception of two. The Europeans ruled in a cruel way that left many Africans dead or suffering. Many countries tried and successfully broke away from Europeans after many years under colonization. The Europeans had a negative impact on the lives of many Africans in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially with racism and assimilation. People were taught to be a human they had to be like a European which led to many racist views on African people and culture and is why some nations like France used assimilation to make
Finally we landed! This is going to be the best vacation ever. Punta Cana is so beautiful and I am so excited to go to the Hard Rock Resort. My mom is going to be a wonderful bride. As I walk out of the nasty old looking airport I see a big van that will take us to our resort. My moms soon to be husband Billy has two kids, Brant who is fifteen and Alyssa who is eighteen. Alyssa and I will be two of the four bridesmaids, Brant will be one of the four men of honours. My adorable little sister Addie will be the cutest flower girl. My mom and Billy brought along two friends to be bridesmaids and men of honours.
On Friday, September 11, 1857, 120 emigrants were killed or massacred in southern Utah by Mormons and Paiute Indians on their way from Arkansas to California. They were part of the Baker-Fancher wagon train. Many of the emigrants were from Marion, Crawford, Carroll, and Johnson counties. They started their journey around Boone County in April of 1857 with their leader, who had been to California twice before leading the Baker-Fancher wagon train. About forty families met at Beller’s Stand. After they left Arkansas, the emigrants of the Fancher party traveled through Kansas and Nebraska before entering Utah. They passed Fort Bridger and Salt Lake City before making it to Cedar City. Mountain Meadows is a valley about 35 miles away from Cedar City, where the emigrants were massacred.
The legend of Hi’iaka and Pele is a story of betrayal, jealousy and revenge. But also an explanation of the powerful effect of love and how it has no limitation. This myth also connects to the Reeves and Leslie family from their Hawaiian ethnic origin. The family comes from the Royal bloodline of Kauikeaouli or Kamehameha The Third. In their belief, the main Hawaiian spiritual protector is the Goddess Pelehonuamea (the fire Goddess) and they ask her for many different qualities to perpetuate their homeland and to keep the Big island healthy. This Goddess is also the one responsible to forming more of the early Hawaii island, helps push away storms and grant the local people the aspects of life that they surely need. Also, one of the family
In the early 1880’s, the powers of Europe started to take control of regions in Africa and set up colonies there. In the beginning, colonization caused the Africans little harm, but before long, the Europeans started to take complete control of wherever they went. The Europeans used their advanced knowledge and technology to easily maneuver through the vast African landscape and used advanced weapons to take control of the African people and their land. The countries that claimed the most land and had the most significant effect on Africa were France, England, Belgium, and Germany. There were many reasons for the European countries to be competing against each other to gain colonies in Africa. One of the main reasons was that the
The Europeans all scrambled to colonize Africa for t’s raw materials and land. THey had justified it as the White Man’s burden. They believed that is was their responsibility as a more developed race to help Africa catch up in technology, government, economics etc. Rhodes even said, “-and that the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race.” (Doc, 1) With this mindset, Europeans colonized Africa and started to export raw materials such as rubber, diamonds, gold, palm oil etc. White man’s burden led to Imperialism because they thought taking over other countries was the only to help them move forward. In doing so, they also spread their power and influence throughout the world. The White man's burden was also accompanied
Beginning in 1880, there was a growing desire for European countries to expand and control their rule. The only continent at that time that was left uncontrolled and, in the European's eyes uncivilized, was Africa. This was the start of Western Imperialism. All European countries wanted their piece of Africa and to get it, they would let nothing stand in their way. They would change the entire government, religion, market, and behavior of most of the African nation and affect almost every person living there. An account of the impact of Imperialism is given in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. This book shows the changes that occurred in Africa during Imperialism and its affect on the community and the people
Their highly energetic and athletic style of dancing, tall stature as well as their signature bright red clothing are just some of the unique things that define the Maasai. For many centuries, this indigenous tribe who lives in the vast open spaces of Africa’s Great Rift Valley found in the countries of Kenya and Tanzania, believes that God entrusted them with the cattle. Their lifestyle reflects the natural environment in which they live in as well as the rich ritual and traditions that they have managed to preserve today. The Maasai people have a reputation of being brave, responsible and fierce. Their community has its own way of hierarchal organization where the elder men and warriors are at the top and the women and children are at the bottom. “The core image Maasai people hold with respect to themselves is that of itunga’ana loo ngishu which means people of cattle or entelapu meaning those who are under cattle (Galaty 4). Most of the rituals and values of the Maasai people depend on their age and the relationship of the tribe is based on a strict set of rules. The Maasai’s patriarchal society, traditional rituals, and unique food system have made them unique among the other African Pastoralists.
Algeria is a North African Mediterranean Country, dominantly populated by Sunni Muslims. Multiple Arabic and Berber dialects are spoken throughout the land. The majority of North African countries have defined cultural identifies, however Algeria lacks a firm cultural foundation and has become somewhat of a piecemeal (Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, 2011).