Reflection after Phonetics and Phonology course
After the course, I am interested in Complex Word Stress from English Phonetics and Phonology by P.Roach (1991). English word stress is not free, especially with compound words, it is difficult for us to give exactly stress. This chapter can give me some tips to put the stress in compound words that we don’t need to use dictionary. The chapter about complex word stress discusses some main points such as complex words, suffixes, prefixes, compound words, variable stress and word-class pairs.
First of all is the information about complex words. The majority of English words of more than one syllable (Polysyllabic words) have come from other languages whose way of constructing words is easily recognizable. Complex words are of two major types. First, words made from a basic word form (which we will call the stem), with the addition of an affix. Second, compound words, which are made of two (or occasionally more) independent English words. We will look first at the words made with affixes. Affixes are of two sorts in English: prefixes, which come before the stem and suffixes, which come after the stem. Affixes have one of three possible effects on word stress. Firstly, the affix itself receives the primary stress. Secondly, the word is stress as if the affix were not there. Finally, the stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable.
After that we continue with suffixes. A suffix is added to the end of word to change its meaning and a root is the smallest piece of lexical material that a stem can be reduced. We need to remember these tips to give the stress. Firstly, suffixes carrying primary stress themselves: ‘-ee’, ‘-eer’, ‘-ess’, ‘-ette’, ‘-esque’. Secondly, suffixes that do not affect stress placement: ‘-able’, ‘-age’, ‘-al’, ‘-en’, ‘-ful’, ‘-ing’, ‘-like’, ‘-less’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ous’, ‘-fy’, ‘-wise’, ‘-y’. ‘-ish’ in the case of adjective does not affect stress placement; however, verbs with stems of more than syllable always have the stress on the syllable immediately preceding ‘ish’. Thirdly, suffixes that influence stress in the stem: ‘-eous’, ‘-graphy’, ‘-ial’, ‘-ic’, ‘-ion’, ‘-ious’, ‘-ty’, ‘-ive’.
phonology - rules relating to the sounds of words and their constituent vowels and consonants.
Syllable structure process focuses on how the child pronounces certain syllables in a word by adding, repeating, or omitting a syllable. Unstressed syllable deletion is a multisyllabic word. When saying
Stress is a nonspecific response of the human organism to any demand make upon it. It can influence the way we perform on tests and homework and how we act at home or work. There are different types of stress that can occur in the body. Acute stress is the body’s response to imminent danger. This short-term stress usually occurs when we are told we will have a quiz or have to give a speech in class. Chronic stress is a prolonged physical or emotional stress. This can cause damage to the body if the stress lasts for too long. Optimal stress is intense enough to motivate and physically prepare us to perform well but not enough to cause harm to the body.
For example, in Latin, units of meaning, called morphemes, are linked together and occasionally form long words. Cherokee verbs, having the most important word type, will contain as a "minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an aspect suffix, and a modal suffix" (All Things Cherokee). For example, the verb form ke:ka, "I am going," has each of these elements. The pronominal prefix is k-, which indicates first person singular. The verb root is -e, "to go." The aspect suffix that this verb has for the present-tense stem is -k-. The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is -a. Verbs can also have pre-pronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivative suffixes. Given all possible combinations of affixes, each regular verb can have 21,262 inflected forms (Cherokee Nation).
The first, A list of 10 monosyllabic words which are phonologically similar but not semantically related (A list) was adapted from (LS) “white, height, night, light tight, write, might, quiet, bite, fight” (p 30). The second list comprised of 10 words which are semantically related (B list), similar in length, word class and frequency with the phonologically related words, dear, sugar, savory, sweet, tasty, flavor, honey, dessert, candy, treat . The level of frequency of the words were determined with the use of corpus (COCA and BNC). There are slight variations in the level of frequency of the B list words. Nevertheless, The lists were presented orally and
This is done in a specific order, by starting with the suffix back to the beginning of the term and then across. A root might consist of having a combining vowel added to it when this occurs drop the combing vowel before a suffix with a vowel. Some examples include.
The existing literature influence this research to be conduct due to the vague meaning that the word stress means. Also, how people when they hear the word stress and relate it with different meanings and causes. The word stress due to the lack of agreement that people have with the definition of stress
Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., telegraph, photograph, autograph).
Affixes are morphemes attached to a word stem to form a new word. They are additional elements placed at the beginning or end of stem, or root to alter meaning. The definition of an affix is to “stick, attach, or fasten (something) to something else.” A special characteristic of Iranian Persian is the ease with which new words can be made from those that already exist by using inseperable affixes or by the combination of words having an independent existence and use.
Social withdrawal and isolation: if someone start isolating themselves from their group of friends or from social interaction will other people then maybe they are stressing over something. They might want to be left alone so they can figure out how to cope with what is stressing them
For the word study part of the tutoring time, we focused on inflectional endings. We started with inflectional morphemes. Karlie’s favorite review activity was fill in the blank sentences. I would have a short excerpt from a story on the whiteboard and she had to add the endings of particular words. The other activity we used was building words. We would start with a basic word and then build it. She loved “competing” with me towards the end of the tutoring. We both came up with the basic word and wrote it down on a
According to our class notes, stress is “defined as the general state of the body, mind, and emotions when an environmental stressor has triggered the stress response”. However, Stress.org states that since there is not a definition of stress that everyone accepts, it is difficult to measure. (What Is Stress?)
Stress is something everyone goes through no matter what age, gender or race you are. Stress is the experience of a perceived threat to one’s mental, physical or spiritual well-being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations. When people think of stress they think it’s a bad thing which isn’t true, some stress is just your body’s reaction to certain situations. At times it may seem like stress is taking over your body leaving you physically, emotionally and mentally hurt but what you can do is learn how to manage your stress to have a healthier and happy lifestyle. Stress management is learning to deal with your stress and take charge. There are three types of stresses which are eustress, distress and neustress.
Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing surroundings. It has physical and emotional effects on us and can make good or bad feelings. As a good influence, stress can help motivate us to do something, or help us through the day. As a bad influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and depression (overall, make you feel really crappy), which in turn can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset stomachs, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes. With the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, a job promotion (or demotion), or a new relationship, we experience stress as we change our lives to cater to
Stress is something that affects many people each and every day. Life is full of hassles, deadlines, frustrations, and demands. For some people stress is so common it is a way of life. Stress can be very harmful and or helpful. It could help motivate you to meet a deadline and perform a task under pressure. Stress can also be very harmful, such as memory problems, moodiness, aches and pains, and eating more or less.